Uma Métrica de Roteamento com Eficiência Energética para o RPL da Internet das Coisas
Resumo
A Internet das Coisas está ganhando a atenção do mercado, da indústria e da comunidade científica. A integração das WSNs com a Internet levou a IETF a especificar novos protocolos. Um dos principais é o RPL, um protocolo de roteamento para redes que possuem perdas de pacotes consideráveis. Dentre as métricas de roteamento, destaca-se a ETX, que contribui na escolha de caminhos confiáveis. No entanto, a rápida exaustão de energia da bateria dos nós de gargalo ainda é um problema. Nesse contexto, apresenta-se aqui uma nova métrica baseada no consumo energético estimado da interface de rede, a qual colabora não apenas na confiabilidade, mas também no balanceamento de carga e no prolongamento do tempo de vida da rede.
Palavras-chave:
Internet das Coisas, Consumo de Energia, Protocolos de Roteamento
Referências
Comsa, A., Ivanciu, I., Luchian, E., Dobrota, V., and Steenhaut, K. (2015). End-to-end Delay Minimization in an Application-aware Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. In 2015 14th RoEduNet International Conference - Networking in Education and Research (RoEduNet NER), pages 80–84.
Contiki OS (2018). Contiki: The Open Source OS for the Internet of Things. (http://www.contiki-os.org).
De Couto, D. S. J., Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., and Morris, R. (2003). A High-throughput Path Metric for Multi-hopWireless Routing. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom ’03, pages 134–146, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Dunkels, A., Osterlind, F., Tsiftes, N., and He, Z. (2007). Software-based On-line Energy Estimation for Sensor Nodes. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors, EmNets ’07, pages 28–32, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Gnawali, O. and Levis, P. (2012). The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function. RFC 6719.
Gonizzi, P., Monica, R., and Ferrari, G. (2013). Design and Evaluation of a Delay-efficient RPL Routing Metric. In 2013 9th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), pages 1573–1577.
Iova, O., Theoleyre, F., and Noel, T. (2015). Using Multiparent Routing in RPL to Increase the Stability and the Lifetime of the Network. Ad Hoc Netw., 29(C):45–62.
Kamgueu, P. O., Nataf, E., Djotio Ndié, T., and Festor, O. (2013). Energy-based routing metric for RPL. Research Report RR-8208, INRIA.
Kim, H., Ko, J., Culler, D. E., and Paek, J. (2017). Challenging the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL): A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 19(4):2502–2525.
Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and Schumacher, C. (2007). IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals. RFC 4919. MEMSIC Semiconductor (2018). TelosB Mote Plataform. (http://www.memsic. com/userfiles/files/Datasheets/WSN/telosb_datasheet.pdf).
Nordic Semiconductor (2018). nRF52840 Advanced multi-protocol System-on-Chip Supporting: Bluetooth low energy (Bluetooth 5), ANT/ANT+, 802.15.4 and 2.4GHz proprietary. (http://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52840_PB_v1.0.pdf).
NXP Semiconductors (2018). MCR20AVHM Data Sheet Low power, highperformance 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant transceiver with connectivity. (https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/MCR20AVHM.pdf).
Qasem, M., Al-Dubai, A., Romdhani, I., Ghaleb, B., and Gharibi, W. (2016). A New Efficient Objective Function for Routing in Internet of Things Paradigm. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN).
Sanmartin, P., Rojas, A., Fernandez, L., Avila, K., Jabba, D., and Valle, S. (2018). Sigma Routing Metric for RPL Protocol. Sensors, 18(4).
Texas Instruments (2018a). CC2420 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / Zigbee-ready RF Transceiver. (http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2420.pdf).
Texas Instruments (2018b). MSP430F15x, MSP430F16x, MSP430F161x Mixed Signal Microcontroller. (http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430f1611.pdf).
Thubert, P. (2012). Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RFC 6552.
Todolí-Ferrandis, D., Santonja-Climent, S., Sempere-Payá, V., and Silvestre-Blanes, J. (2015). RPL routing in a real life scenario with an energy efficient objective function. In 2015 23rd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR), pages 285–288.
Tripathi, J., de Oliveira, J. C., and Vasseur, J. (2012). Performance Evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RFC 6687.
UTFPR (2019). UTFPR-GP - Pesquisa em Internet das Coisas - Implementações, Dados e Resultados (https://research.gp.utfpr.edu.br/iot/sbrc2019/).
Vasseur, J., Kim, M., Pister, K., Dejean, N., and Barthel, D. (2012). Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks. RFC 6551.
Winter, T., Thubert, P., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, J., and Alexander, R. (2012). RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. RFC 6550.
Xiao, W., Liu, J., Jiang, N., and Shi, H. (2014). An Optimization of the Object Function for Routing Protocol of Low-power and Lossy Networks. In The 2014 2nd International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2014), pages 515–519.
Yang, X., Guo, J., Orlik, P., Parsons, K., and Ishibashi, K. (2014). Stability metric based routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pages 3688–3693.
Contiki OS (2018). Contiki: The Open Source OS for the Internet of Things. (http://www.contiki-os.org).
De Couto, D. S. J., Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., and Morris, R. (2003). A High-throughput Path Metric for Multi-hopWireless Routing. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom ’03, pages 134–146, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Dunkels, A., Osterlind, F., Tsiftes, N., and He, Z. (2007). Software-based On-line Energy Estimation for Sensor Nodes. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors, EmNets ’07, pages 28–32, New York, NY, USA. ACM.
Gnawali, O. and Levis, P. (2012). The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function. RFC 6719.
Gonizzi, P., Monica, R., and Ferrari, G. (2013). Design and Evaluation of a Delay-efficient RPL Routing Metric. In 2013 9th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), pages 1573–1577.
Iova, O., Theoleyre, F., and Noel, T. (2015). Using Multiparent Routing in RPL to Increase the Stability and the Lifetime of the Network. Ad Hoc Netw., 29(C):45–62.
Kamgueu, P. O., Nataf, E., Djotio Ndié, T., and Festor, O. (2013). Energy-based routing metric for RPL. Research Report RR-8208, INRIA.
Kim, H., Ko, J., Culler, D. E., and Paek, J. (2017). Challenging the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL): A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 19(4):2502–2525.
Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and Schumacher, C. (2007). IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals. RFC 4919. MEMSIC Semiconductor (2018). TelosB Mote Plataform. (http://www.memsic. com/userfiles/files/Datasheets/WSN/telosb_datasheet.pdf).
Nordic Semiconductor (2018). nRF52840 Advanced multi-protocol System-on-Chip Supporting: Bluetooth low energy (Bluetooth 5), ANT/ANT+, 802.15.4 and 2.4GHz proprietary. (http://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52840_PB_v1.0.pdf).
NXP Semiconductors (2018). MCR20AVHM Data Sheet Low power, highperformance 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant transceiver with connectivity. (https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/MCR20AVHM.pdf).
Qasem, M., Al-Dubai, A., Romdhani, I., Ghaleb, B., and Gharibi, W. (2016). A New Efficient Objective Function for Routing in Internet of Things Paradigm. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN).
Sanmartin, P., Rojas, A., Fernandez, L., Avila, K., Jabba, D., and Valle, S. (2018). Sigma Routing Metric for RPL Protocol. Sensors, 18(4).
Texas Instruments (2018a). CC2420 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / Zigbee-ready RF Transceiver. (http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2420.pdf).
Texas Instruments (2018b). MSP430F15x, MSP430F16x, MSP430F161x Mixed Signal Microcontroller. (http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430f1611.pdf).
Thubert, P. (2012). Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RFC 6552.
Todolí-Ferrandis, D., Santonja-Climent, S., Sempere-Payá, V., and Silvestre-Blanes, J. (2015). RPL routing in a real life scenario with an energy efficient objective function. In 2015 23rd Telecommunications Forum Telfor (TELFOR), pages 285–288.
Tripathi, J., de Oliveira, J. C., and Vasseur, J. (2012). Performance Evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). RFC 6687.
UTFPR (2019). UTFPR-GP - Pesquisa em Internet das Coisas - Implementações, Dados e Resultados (https://research.gp.utfpr.edu.br/iot/sbrc2019/).
Vasseur, J., Kim, M., Pister, K., Dejean, N., and Barthel, D. (2012). Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks. RFC 6551.
Winter, T., Thubert, P., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, J., and Alexander, R. (2012). RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. RFC 6550.
Xiao, W., Liu, J., Jiang, N., and Shi, H. (2014). An Optimization of the Object Function for Routing Protocol of Low-power and Lossy Networks. In The 2014 2nd International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2014), pages 515–519.
Yang, X., Guo, J., Orlik, P., Parsons, K., and Ishibashi, K. (2014). Stability metric based routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pages 3688–3693.
Publicado
06/05/2019
Como Citar
PEREIRA, Hermano; MORITZ, Guilherme Luiz; FONSECA, Mauro.
Uma Métrica de Roteamento com Eficiência Energética para o RPL da Internet das Coisas. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES E SISTEMAS DISTRIBUÍDOS (SBRC), 37. , 2019, Gramado.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2019
.
p. 224-237.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2019.7362.
