A randomized graph-based scheme for software watermarking
Resumo
A inserção de marcas d'água em objetos proprietários é uma conhecida maneira de se desencorajar pirataria. Funciona através da inclusão de alguma informação (em geral escondida) que permita revelar autoria ou propriedade do objeto. Alguns esquemas de marca dágua baseados em grafos para proteger a propriedade intelectual de programas de computador têm sido sugeridos na literatura, e esforços recentes têm sido devotados ao aumento de sua resiliência a ataques. Entre os atributos buscados para soluções de marca d'água de programas está a chamada "diversidade", que é a habilidade de codificar a informação desejada de várias maneiras distintas, tornando mais difícil sua localização e remoção por parte do atacante. Apresentamos um esquema baseado em grafos que consegue, através de randomização, um alto grau de diversidade, permitindo, ainda assim, uma implementação eficiente em tempo linear.Referências
Arboit, G. (2002). A method for watermarking Java programs via opaque predicates. In Proc. Int. Conf. Electronic Commerce Research (ICECR-5).
Bento, L. M. d. S., Boccardo, D., Costa, R., Machado, R. M. S., Pereira de Sá, V. G., and Szwarcfiter, J. L. (2013a). Fingerprinting de software e aplicações à metrologia legal. In Proc. 10th International Congress on Electrical Metrology (SEMETRO’13).
Bento, L. M. S., Boccardo, D. R., Machado, R. C. S., Pereira de Sá, V. G. a. P., and Szwarcfiter, J. L. (2013b). Towards a provably resilient scheme for graph-based watermarking. In Proc. Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG’13), LNCS 8165, pages 50–63. Springer.
Chroni, M. and Nikolopoulos, S. D. (2012a). An efficient graph codec system for software watermarking. In 36th IEEE Conference on Computers, Software, and Applications (COMPSAC’12), pages 595–600. IEEE Proceedings, 36th edition.
Chroni, M. and Nikolopoulos, S. D. (2012b). An embedding graph-based model for software watermarking. In Proc. International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP’12), pages 261–264. IEEE.
Chroni, M. and Nikolopoulos, S. D. (2012c). Multiple encoding of a watermark number into reducible permutation graphs using cotrees. In CompSysTech, pages 118–125.
Collberg, C., Carter, E., Debray, S., Huntwork, A., Linn, C., and Stepp, M. (2004). Dynamic path-based software watermarking. In Proc. Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (SIGPLAN’04).
Collberg, C., Kobourov, S., Carter, E., and Thomborson, C. (2003). Error-correcting graphs for software watermarking. In Proc. 29th Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG’03), LNCS 2880, pages 156–167. Springer.
Collberg, C. and Nagra, J. (2009). Surreptitious Software: Obfuscation, Watermarking, and Tamperproofing for Software Protection. Addison-Wesley Professional.
Collberg, C. and Thomborson, C. (1999). Software watermarking: Models and dynamic embeddings. In Proc. 26th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL’99, pages 311–324. ACM.
Cousot, P. and Cousot, R. (2004). An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking. In Proc. Conference Record of the 31st Annual ACM SIGPLANSIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pages 173–185. ACM Press, New York, NY.
Davidson, R. and Myhrvold, N. (1996). Method and system for generating and auditing a signature for a computer program. US Patent 5,559,884.
Hamming, R. W. (1950). Error detecting and error correcting codes. Bell System Technical Journal, 29(2):147–160.
Mann, H. (1968). Error Correcting Codes. John Wiley and Sons.
Monden, A. and Inoue, K. (2000). A practical method for watermarking Java programs. In Proc. 24th Computer Software and Applications Conference, pages 191–197.
Nagra, J. and Thomborson, C. (2004). Threading software watermarks. In Proc. 6th International Workshop on Information Hiding, LNCS 3200, pages 208–233. Springer.
Purser, M. (1995). Introduction to Error-Correcting Codes. Artech House Inc.
Qu, G. and Potkonjak, M. (1998). Analysis of watermarking techniques for graph coloring problem. In ICCAD, pages 190–193.
Reed, I. S. and Solomon, G. (1960). Polynomial Codes Over Certain Finite Fields. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 8(2):300–304.
Venkatesan, R., Vazirani, V. V., and Sinha, S. (2001). A graph theoretic approach to software watermarking. In Proc. 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding (IHW’01), pages 157–168. Springer.
Wicker, S. B. (1995). Error control systems for digital communication and storage. Prentice Hall.
Bento, L. M. d. S., Boccardo, D., Costa, R., Machado, R. M. S., Pereira de Sá, V. G., and Szwarcfiter, J. L. (2013a). Fingerprinting de software e aplicações à metrologia legal. In Proc. 10th International Congress on Electrical Metrology (SEMETRO’13).
Bento, L. M. S., Boccardo, D. R., Machado, R. C. S., Pereira de Sá, V. G. a. P., and Szwarcfiter, J. L. (2013b). Towards a provably resilient scheme for graph-based watermarking. In Proc. Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG’13), LNCS 8165, pages 50–63. Springer.
Chroni, M. and Nikolopoulos, S. D. (2012a). An efficient graph codec system for software watermarking. In 36th IEEE Conference on Computers, Software, and Applications (COMPSAC’12), pages 595–600. IEEE Proceedings, 36th edition.
Chroni, M. and Nikolopoulos, S. D. (2012b). An embedding graph-based model for software watermarking. In Proc. International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP’12), pages 261–264. IEEE.
Chroni, M. and Nikolopoulos, S. D. (2012c). Multiple encoding of a watermark number into reducible permutation graphs using cotrees. In CompSysTech, pages 118–125.
Collberg, C., Carter, E., Debray, S., Huntwork, A., Linn, C., and Stepp, M. (2004). Dynamic path-based software watermarking. In Proc. Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (SIGPLAN’04).
Collberg, C., Kobourov, S., Carter, E., and Thomborson, C. (2003). Error-correcting graphs for software watermarking. In Proc. 29th Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science (WG’03), LNCS 2880, pages 156–167. Springer.
Collberg, C. and Nagra, J. (2009). Surreptitious Software: Obfuscation, Watermarking, and Tamperproofing for Software Protection. Addison-Wesley Professional.
Collberg, C. and Thomborson, C. (1999). Software watermarking: Models and dynamic embeddings. In Proc. 26th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL’99, pages 311–324. ACM.
Cousot, P. and Cousot, R. (2004). An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking. In Proc. Conference Record of the 31st Annual ACM SIGPLANSIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pages 173–185. ACM Press, New York, NY.
Davidson, R. and Myhrvold, N. (1996). Method and system for generating and auditing a signature for a computer program. US Patent 5,559,884.
Hamming, R. W. (1950). Error detecting and error correcting codes. Bell System Technical Journal, 29(2):147–160.
Mann, H. (1968). Error Correcting Codes. John Wiley and Sons.
Monden, A. and Inoue, K. (2000). A practical method for watermarking Java programs. In Proc. 24th Computer Software and Applications Conference, pages 191–197.
Nagra, J. and Thomborson, C. (2004). Threading software watermarks. In Proc. 6th International Workshop on Information Hiding, LNCS 3200, pages 208–233. Springer.
Purser, M. (1995). Introduction to Error-Correcting Codes. Artech House Inc.
Qu, G. and Potkonjak, M. (1998). Analysis of watermarking techniques for graph coloring problem. In ICCAD, pages 190–193.
Reed, I. S. and Solomon, G. (1960). Polynomial Codes Over Certain Finite Fields. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 8(2):300–304.
Venkatesan, R., Vazirani, V. V., and Sinha, S. (2001). A graph theoretic approach to software watermarking. In Proc. 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding (IHW’01), pages 157–168. Springer.
Wicker, S. B. (1995). Error control systems for digital communication and storage. Prentice Hall.
Publicado
03/11/2014
Como Citar
BENTO, Lucila Maria Souza; BOCCARDO, Davidson Rodrigo; MACHADO, Raphael Carlos Santos; SÁ, Vinícius Gusmão Pereira de; SZWARCFITER, Jayme Luiz.
A randomized graph-based scheme for software watermarking. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SEGURANÇA DA INFORMAÇÃO E DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (SBSEG), 14. , 2014, Belo Horizonte.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2014
.
p. 30-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbseg.2014.20119.
