Multi-level consensus algorithm for appendable-block blockchains in IoT Environments
Resumo
Atualmente, existem diversos dispositivos que coletam dados e prestam serviços na Internet. Alguns desses dispositivos colaboram para trocar informacões e usá-las para tomar decisões mais inteligentes em um ambiente chamado Internet das Coisas (IoT). Recentemente, a tecnologia blockchain surgiu como uma possível solução para superar problemas de segurança em IoT. Apesar disso, blockchains tradicionais (como Bitcoin ou Ethereum) nao são adequados para a natureza de capacidade/recursos limitados dos dispositivos IoT. Alem disso, as propostas atuais carecem de uma discussão sobre o comportamento do usuario em diferentes contextos e como ele pode ser adaptado para diferentes algoritmos de consenso. Para superar esses problemas, apresentamos na tese um conjunto de etapas para criar um mecanismo de consenso multinível para diferentes contextos usando uma estrutura blockchain leve chamada appendable-block blockchain. Essa abordagem fornece uma solução que permite usar diferentes configurações ou consensos, de acordo com os requisitos de cada contexto no ambiente IoT. Por fim, a tese mostra que um consenso multinível pode produzir uma alta taxa de transferencia e baixa latência para inserir novas transações em appendable-block blockchains.
Referências
Alharby, M., Castagna Lunardi, R., Aldweesh, A., and van Moorsel, A. (2020). Data-Driven Model-Based Analysis of the Ethereum Verifier’s Dilemma. In IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, pages 209–220.
Bertoglio, D. D., Girotto, G., Neu, C. N., and Lunardi, R. C. (2019). Pentest on an Internet Mobile App: A Case Studyusing Tramonto. In International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, pages 1–6.
Boudguiga, A., Bouzerna, N., Granboulan, L., Olivereau, A., Quesnel, F., Roger, A., and Sirdey, R. (2017). Towards Better Availability and Accountability for IoT Updates by Means of a Blockchain. In IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops, pages 50–58.
Branco, V., Lippert, B., Lunardi, R., Nunes, H., Neu, C., Zorzo, A., Pirolla, D., and Spacov, S. (2020). Modelo de negócio para saúde colaborativa usando smart contracts: caso TokenHealth. Revista Brasileira de Computação Aplicada , pages 134–144.
Branco, V., Lippert, B., Nunes, H., Lunardi, R., and Zorzo, A. (2019). Avaliação do uso de smart contracts para sistema de saúde colaborativa. In Escola Regional de Redes de Computadores, pages 9–16, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Conoscenti, M., Vetro, A., and Martin, J. C. D. (2016). Blockchain for the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review. In IEEE/ACS International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications, pages 1–6.
de Arruda, E. H. P., Lunardi, R. C., Nunes, H. C., Zorzo, A. F., and Michelin, R. A. (2020). Appendable-block Blockchain Evaluation over Geographically-Distributed IoT Networks. In IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking, pages 1–6.
Dedeoglu, V., Dorri, A., Jurdak, R., Michelin, R. A., Lunardi, R. C., Kanhere, S. S., and Zorzo, A. F. (2020). A Journey in Applying Blockchain for Cyberphysical Systems. In International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS, pages 383–390.
Dedeoglu, V., Jurdak, R., Dorri, A., Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2020). Blockchain Technologies for IoT, chapter 3, pages 55–89. Springer Singapore.
Dorri, A., Steger, M., Kanhere, S. S., and Jurdak, R. (2017). BlockChain: A Distributed Solution to Automotive Security and Privacy. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(12):119–125.
Jerkins, J. A. (2017). Motivating a market or regulatory solution to IoT insecurity with the Mirai botnet code. In IEEE Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference, pages 1–5.
Lunardi, R. C. (2021). Multi-level consensus algorithm for appendable-block blockchains in IoT Environments. PhD thesis, Ponitical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Full thesis is available at https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/handle/10923/17355.
Lunardi, R. C., Alharby, M., Nunes, H. C., Dong, C., Zorzo, A. F., and van Moorsel, A. (2020). Context-based consensus for appendable-block blockchains. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, pages 401–408.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Alharby, M., Dedeoglu, V., Nunes, H. C., de Arruda, E., , Zorzo, A. F., and Moorsel, A. (2022a). When Blockchain meets Smart Cities: Opportunities, Security and Future Research. In Blockchains - A Handbook on Fundamentals, Platforms and Applications, page 43 p. Springer. To be published soon.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Neu, C. V., Nunes, H. C., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2019a). Impact of Consensus on Appendable-Block Blockchain for IoT. In 2EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, page 228–237. Association for Computing Machinery.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Neu, C. V., and Zorzo, A. F. (2018). Distributed access control on IoT ledger-based architecture. In IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pages 1–7.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Nunes, H. C., Neu, C. V., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2022b). Consensus algorithms on appendable-block blockchains: impact and security analysis. Mobile Networks and Applications, Springer:1–12.
Lunardi, R. C., Nunes, H. C., Branco, V., Lippert, B., Neu, C. V., and Zorzo, A. F. (2019b). Performance and Cost Evaluation of Smart Contracts in Collaborative Health Care En vironments. In International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, pages 1–6.
Lunardi, R. C. and Zorzo, A. F. (2020). Estruturando diferentes aplicações com blockchain. SBC Horizontes, ISSN 2175-9235.
Michelin, R. A., Castagna Lunardi, R., Nunes, H. C., Dedeoglu, V., Neu, C. V., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2021). Appendable-Block blockchains. In Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics, pages 66–88. IGI Global.
Michelin, R. A., Dorri, A., Steger, M., Lunardi, R. C., Kanhere, S. S., Jurdak, R., and Zorzo, A. F. (2018). SpeedyChain: A Framework for Decoupling Data from Blockchain for Smart Cities. In EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, pages 145–154. ACM.
Neu, C., Trebien, E., Bertoglio, D., Lunardi, R., and Zorzo, A. (2019). Extração e gerenciamento de incidentes em SIEM. In Escola Regional de Redes de Computadores, pages 190–195, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Neu, C., Trebien, E., Bertoglio, D., Lunardi, R., and Zorzo, A. (2020). Gerenciamento de incidentes em siem seguindo itil. Revista Eletrônica Argentina-Brasil de Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação, 3(1):1–10.
Neu, C. V., Tatsch, C. G., Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Orozco, A. M. S., and Zorzo, A. F. (2018). Lightweight IPS for port scan in OpenFlow SDN networks. In IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium Workshops, pages 1–6.
Novo, O. (2018). Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2):1184–1195.
Nunes, H. C., Lunardi, R. C., Zorzo, A. F., Michelin, R. A., and Kanhere, S. S. (2020). Context-based Smart Contracts For Appendable-block Blockchains. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency, pages 1–9.
Zorzo, A. F., Neu, C. V., Michelin, R. A., and Lunardi, R. C. (2018). Speedychain - a framework for decoupling data from blockchain. Patente: Programa de Computador. Número do registro: BR512018001343-0, data de registro: 01/08/2018. Instituição de registro: INPI - Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial.
Zorzo, A. F., Nunes, H. C., Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., and Kanhere, S. S. (2018). Dependable IoT Using Blockchain-Based Technology. In Latin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing, pages 1–9.
Bertoglio, D. D., Girotto, G., Neu, C. N., and Lunardi, R. C. (2019). Pentest on an Internet Mobile App: A Case Studyusing Tramonto. In International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, pages 1–6.
Boudguiga, A., Bouzerna, N., Granboulan, L., Olivereau, A., Quesnel, F., Roger, A., and Sirdey, R. (2017). Towards Better Availability and Accountability for IoT Updates by Means of a Blockchain. In IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops, pages 50–58.
Branco, V., Lippert, B., Lunardi, R., Nunes, H., Neu, C., Zorzo, A., Pirolla, D., and Spacov, S. (2020). Modelo de negócio para saúde colaborativa usando smart contracts: caso TokenHealth. Revista Brasileira de Computação Aplicada , pages 134–144.
Branco, V., Lippert, B., Nunes, H., Lunardi, R., and Zorzo, A. (2019). Avaliação do uso de smart contracts para sistema de saúde colaborativa. In Escola Regional de Redes de Computadores, pages 9–16, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Conoscenti, M., Vetro, A., and Martin, J. C. D. (2016). Blockchain for the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review. In IEEE/ACS International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications, pages 1–6.
de Arruda, E. H. P., Lunardi, R. C., Nunes, H. C., Zorzo, A. F., and Michelin, R. A. (2020). Appendable-block Blockchain Evaluation over Geographically-Distributed IoT Networks. In IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking, pages 1–6.
Dedeoglu, V., Dorri, A., Jurdak, R., Michelin, R. A., Lunardi, R. C., Kanhere, S. S., and Zorzo, A. F. (2020). A Journey in Applying Blockchain for Cyberphysical Systems. In International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS, pages 383–390.
Dedeoglu, V., Jurdak, R., Dorri, A., Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2020). Blockchain Technologies for IoT, chapter 3, pages 55–89. Springer Singapore.
Dorri, A., Steger, M., Kanhere, S. S., and Jurdak, R. (2017). BlockChain: A Distributed Solution to Automotive Security and Privacy. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(12):119–125.
Jerkins, J. A. (2017). Motivating a market or regulatory solution to IoT insecurity with the Mirai botnet code. In IEEE Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference, pages 1–5.
Lunardi, R. C. (2021). Multi-level consensus algorithm for appendable-block blockchains in IoT Environments. PhD thesis, Ponitical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Full thesis is available at https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/handle/10923/17355.
Lunardi, R. C., Alharby, M., Nunes, H. C., Dong, C., Zorzo, A. F., and van Moorsel, A. (2020). Context-based consensus for appendable-block blockchains. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, pages 401–408.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Alharby, M., Dedeoglu, V., Nunes, H. C., de Arruda, E., , Zorzo, A. F., and Moorsel, A. (2022a). When Blockchain meets Smart Cities: Opportunities, Security and Future Research. In Blockchains - A Handbook on Fundamentals, Platforms and Applications, page 43 p. Springer. To be published soon.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Neu, C. V., Nunes, H. C., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2019a). Impact of Consensus on Appendable-Block Blockchain for IoT. In 2EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, page 228–237. Association for Computing Machinery.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Neu, C. V., and Zorzo, A. F. (2018). Distributed access control on IoT ledger-based architecture. In IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pages 1–7.
Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Nunes, H. C., Neu, C. V., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2022b). Consensus algorithms on appendable-block blockchains: impact and security analysis. Mobile Networks and Applications, Springer:1–12.
Lunardi, R. C., Nunes, H. C., Branco, V., Lippert, B., Neu, C. V., and Zorzo, A. F. (2019b). Performance and Cost Evaluation of Smart Contracts in Collaborative Health Care En vironments. In International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, pages 1–6.
Lunardi, R. C. and Zorzo, A. F. (2020). Estruturando diferentes aplicações com blockchain. SBC Horizontes, ISSN 2175-9235.
Michelin, R. A., Castagna Lunardi, R., Nunes, H. C., Dedeoglu, V., Neu, C. V., Zorzo, A. F., and Kanhere, S. S. (2021). Appendable-Block blockchains. In Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics, pages 66–88. IGI Global.
Michelin, R. A., Dorri, A., Steger, M., Lunardi, R. C., Kanhere, S. S., Jurdak, R., and Zorzo, A. F. (2018). SpeedyChain: A Framework for Decoupling Data from Blockchain for Smart Cities. In EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, pages 145–154. ACM.
Neu, C., Trebien, E., Bertoglio, D., Lunardi, R., and Zorzo, A. (2019). Extração e gerenciamento de incidentes em SIEM. In Escola Regional de Redes de Computadores, pages 190–195, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. SBC.
Neu, C., Trebien, E., Bertoglio, D., Lunardi, R., and Zorzo, A. (2020). Gerenciamento de incidentes em siem seguindo itil. Revista Eletrônica Argentina-Brasil de Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação, 3(1):1–10.
Neu, C. V., Tatsch, C. G., Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., Orozco, A. M. S., and Zorzo, A. F. (2018). Lightweight IPS for port scan in OpenFlow SDN networks. In IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium Workshops, pages 1–6.
Novo, O. (2018). Blockchain Meets IoT: An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2):1184–1195.
Nunes, H. C., Lunardi, R. C., Zorzo, A. F., Michelin, R. A., and Kanhere, S. S. (2020). Context-based Smart Contracts For Appendable-block Blockchains. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency, pages 1–9.
Zorzo, A. F., Neu, C. V., Michelin, R. A., and Lunardi, R. C. (2018). Speedychain - a framework for decoupling data from blockchain. Patente: Programa de Computador. Número do registro: BR512018001343-0, data de registro: 01/08/2018. Instituição de registro: INPI - Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial.
Zorzo, A. F., Nunes, H. C., Lunardi, R. C., Michelin, R. A., and Kanhere, S. S. (2018). Dependable IoT Using Blockchain-Based Technology. In Latin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing, pages 1–9.
Publicado
12/09/2022
Como Citar
LUNARDI, Roben Castagna; ZORZO, Avelino Francisco.
Multi-level consensus algorithm for appendable-block blockchains in IoT Environments. In: CONCURSO DE TESES E DISSERTAÇÕES - SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SEGURANÇA DA INFORMAÇÃO E DE SISTEMAS COMPUTACIONAIS (SBSEG), 22. , 2022, Santa Maria.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2022
.
p. 17-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbseg_estendido.2022.224706.
