An Exploratory Study of Biometrics Using Eye Movement Trajectory Images Collected by Natural Image Stimuli
Abstract
The study of eye movements as biometrics began in 2004 and its typical process is to capture movements using stimulus images, treating these data as signals in time followed by classification. The general objective of this work is to evaluate the use of eye movements as biometrics, by using the images of the eye movements of 29 volunteers, with the use of natural images as a stimulus, This work proposes two differentials, one is the use of the DOVES database of eye movements collected using natural images as a stimulus, and the other is the treatment of eye movements as images. Images of the eye movement trajectories are generated, which are the input of the HOG and LBP techniques for extracting characteristics, followed by the SVM, MLP, and random forest classifiers. The highest accuracy was 33.3% with the combination of the HOG and MLP techniques, a result comparable with the best of EMVIC 2014 competition, which used face images as a stimulus, of 39.6%.
Keywords:
Biometrics, eye movements, DOVES database, images
References
Bednarik, R., Kinnunen, T., Mihaila, A., and Fränti, P. (2005). Eye-movements as a biometric. Image analysis, pages 16–26.
Brasil, A. R. A., Andrade, J. O., and Komati, K. S. (2020). Eye movements biometrics: A bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2019. International Journal of Computer Appli- cations, 176(24):1–9.
Dalal, N. and Triggs, B. (2005). Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005. IEEE Computer Society Conference on, volume 1, pages 886–893. IEEE.
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005. IEEE Computer Society Conference on, volume 1, pages 886–893. IEEE.
Gama, J., Faceli, K., Lorena, A. C., and De Carvalho, A. C. P. L. F. (2011). Inteligência artificial. LTC, Rio de Janeiro.
Holland, C. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2011). Biometric identification via eye movement scanpaths in reading. In 2011 International joint conference on biometrics (IJCB), pages 1–8. IEEE.
Holland, C. D. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2013). Complex eye movement pattern bio- metrics: Analyzing fixations and saccades. In Biometrics (ICB), 2013 International Conference on, pages 1–8. IEEE.
Jain, A. K., Flynn, P., and Ross, A. A. (2007). Handbook of biometrics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Kasprowski, P. (2004). Human identification using eye movements. Institute of Computer Science.
Kasprowski,P.and Harezlak, K.(2014). The second eye movements verification and identification competition. In Biometrics (IJCB), 2014 IEEE International Joint Con- ference on, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Komogortsev, O. V., Jayarathna, S., Aragon, C. R., and Mahmoud, M. (2010). Biometric identification via an oculomotor plant mathematical model. In Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications, pages 57–60. ACM.
Komogortsev, O. V. and Rigas, I. (2015). BioEye 2015: Competition on biometrics via eye movements. In Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), 2015 IEEE 7th International Conference on, pages 1–8. IEEE.
Li, C., Xue, J., Quan, C., Yue, J., and Zhang, C. (2018). Biometric recognition via texture features of eye movement trajectories in a visual searching task. PloS one, 13(4):e0194475.
Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., and Maenpaa, T. (2002). Multiresolution gray-scale and rota- tion invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 24(7):971–987.
Rigas, I., Economou, G., and Fotopoulos, S. (2012). Biometric identification based on the eye movements and graph matching techniques. Pattern Recognition Letters, 33(6):786–792.
Rigas, I., Friedman, L., and Komogortsev, O. (2018). Study of an extensive set of eye mo- vement features: Extraction methods and statistical analysis. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 11(1):3.
Rigas, I. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2014a). Biometric recognition via fixation density maps. In Biometric and Surveillance Technology for Human and Activity Identification XI, volume 9075, page 90750M. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Rigas, I. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2014b). Biometric recognition via probabilistic spa- tial projection of eye movement trajectories in dynamic visual environments. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 9(10):1743–1754.
Rigas, I. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2017). Current research in eye movement biometrics: An analysis based on BioEye 2015 competition. Image and Vision Computing, 58:129– 141.
Saeed, K. (2016). New directions in behavioral biometrics. CRC Press.
Van Der Linde, I., Rajashekar, U., Bovik, A. C., and Cormack, L. K. (2009). Doves: a database of visual eye movements. Spatial vision, 22(2):161–177.
Zhang, Y., Laurikkala, J., and Juhola, M. (2015). Biometric verification with eye movements: results from a long-term recording series. IET Biometrics, 4(3):162–168.
Brasil, A. R. A., Andrade, J. O., and Komati, K. S. (2020). Eye movements biometrics: A bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2019. International Journal of Computer Appli- cations, 176(24):1–9.
Dalal, N. and Triggs, B. (2005). Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005. IEEE Computer Society Conference on, volume 1, pages 886–893. IEEE.
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005. IEEE Computer Society Conference on, volume 1, pages 886–893. IEEE.
Gama, J., Faceli, K., Lorena, A. C., and De Carvalho, A. C. P. L. F. (2011). Inteligência artificial. LTC, Rio de Janeiro.
Holland, C. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2011). Biometric identification via eye movement scanpaths in reading. In 2011 International joint conference on biometrics (IJCB), pages 1–8. IEEE.
Holland, C. D. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2013). Complex eye movement pattern bio- metrics: Analyzing fixations and saccades. In Biometrics (ICB), 2013 International Conference on, pages 1–8. IEEE.
Jain, A. K., Flynn, P., and Ross, A. A. (2007). Handbook of biometrics. Springer Science & Business Media.
Kasprowski, P. (2004). Human identification using eye movements. Institute of Computer Science.
Kasprowski,P.and Harezlak, K.(2014). The second eye movements verification and identification competition. In Biometrics (IJCB), 2014 IEEE International Joint Con- ference on, pages 1–6. IEEE.
Komogortsev, O. V., Jayarathna, S., Aragon, C. R., and Mahmoud, M. (2010). Biometric identification via an oculomotor plant mathematical model. In Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications, pages 57–60. ACM.
Komogortsev, O. V. and Rigas, I. (2015). BioEye 2015: Competition on biometrics via eye movements. In Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), 2015 IEEE 7th International Conference on, pages 1–8. IEEE.
Li, C., Xue, J., Quan, C., Yue, J., and Zhang, C. (2018). Biometric recognition via texture features of eye movement trajectories in a visual searching task. PloS one, 13(4):e0194475.
Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., and Maenpaa, T. (2002). Multiresolution gray-scale and rota- tion invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 24(7):971–987.
Rigas, I., Economou, G., and Fotopoulos, S. (2012). Biometric identification based on the eye movements and graph matching techniques. Pattern Recognition Letters, 33(6):786–792.
Rigas, I., Friedman, L., and Komogortsev, O. (2018). Study of an extensive set of eye mo- vement features: Extraction methods and statistical analysis. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 11(1):3.
Rigas, I. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2014a). Biometric recognition via fixation density maps. In Biometric and Surveillance Technology for Human and Activity Identification XI, volume 9075, page 90750M. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Rigas, I. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2014b). Biometric recognition via probabilistic spa- tial projection of eye movement trajectories in dynamic visual environments. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 9(10):1743–1754.
Rigas, I. and Komogortsev, O. V. (2017). Current research in eye movement biometrics: An analysis based on BioEye 2015 competition. Image and Vision Computing, 58:129– 141.
Saeed, K. (2016). New directions in behavioral biometrics. CRC Press.
Van Der Linde, I., Rajashekar, U., Bovik, A. C., and Cormack, L. K. (2009). Doves: a database of visual eye movements. Spatial vision, 22(2):161–177.
Zhang, Y., Laurikkala, J., and Juhola, M. (2015). Biometric verification with eye movements: results from a long-term recording series. IET Biometrics, 4(3):162–168.
Published
2020-06-30
How to Cite
BRASIL, Antonio; ANDRADE, Jefferson ; PINTO, Luiz; KOMATI, Karin .
An Exploratory Study of Biometrics Using Eye Movement Trajectory Images Collected by Natural Image Stimuli. In: INTEGRATED SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SEMINAR (SEMISH), 47. , 2020, Cuiabá.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2020
.
p. 25-36.
ISSN 2595-6205.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/semish.2020.11314.
