Rapid Review em Aspectos Avançados de Blockchain para Compartilhamento de Espectro
Resumo
Este artigo investiga a aplicação de tecnologias blockchain e contratos inteligentes na gestão descentralizada de espectro, com foco em modelos baseado em mercado. Por meio de uma Rapid Review (Scopus, 2021–2023) complementada por snowballing, analisou-se 35 estudos para identificar avanços em mercados descentralizados. Os resultados destacam que: Modelos de transação baseados em blockchain permitem automação e redução de custos; Tokens não fungíveis (ERC-721) representam faixas de espectro com granularidade técnica, enquanto ERC-1155 oferece flexibilidade híbrida (fungível/não fungível); e cessão temporária favorece flexibilidade, enquanto a cessão definitiva assegura estabilidade para investimentos de longo prazo. Conclui-se que a integração de blockchain com políticas dinâmicas de espectro potencializa transparência, segurança e inclusão digital.
Palavras-chave:
Compartilhamento de Espectro, Rede Móveis, Blockchain, Contratos Inteligentes
Referências
Abognah, A. and Basir, O. (2022). Distributed spectrum sharing using blockchain: a hyperledger fabric implementation. In 2022 IEEE 1st Global Emerging Technology Blockchain Forum: Blockchain & Beyond (iGETblockchain), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (2024). Cobertura móvel. Acesso em: 31 out. 2024.
Alsaedi, W. K. et al. (2023). Spectrum options and allocations for 6G: A regulatory and standardization review. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society.
Ariyarathna, T. et al. (2019). Dynamic spectrum access via smart contracts on blockchain. In 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Ayepah-Mensah, D. et al. (2023). Blockchain-enabled federated learning-based resource allocation and trading for network slicing in 5G. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.
Bhattacharya, P. et al. (2022). Trusted 6G-envisioned dynamic spectrum allocation: A reference model, layered architecture, and use-case. In Emerging Technologies for Computing, Communication and Smart Cities: Proceedings of ETCCS 2021, pages 405–418. Springer Nature Singapore.
Boateng, G. O. et al. (2022). Consortium blockchain-based spectrum trading for network slicing in 5G RAN: A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 22(10):5801–5815.
Cheng, Z. et al. (2023). A multi-blockchain scheme for distributed spectrum sharing in CBRS system. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 9(2):266–280.
Eiza, M. H. et al. (2023). Towards trusted and accountable win-win SDWN platform for trading Wi-Fi network access. In 2023 IEEE 20th Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Ethereum (2015). Erc-20 token standard. Acessado: 27 Oct. 2024.
Ethereum (2018a). Erc-1155 multi token standard. Acessado: 27 Oct. 2024.
Ethereum (2018b). Erc-721 non-fungible token standard. Acessado: 27 Oct. 2024.
Ghourab, E. M. et al. (2023). Reputation-aware relay selection with opportunistic spectrum access: A blockchain approach. IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology, 4:389–403.
Hu, Q. and Jiang, T. (2022). A smart contract based spectrum trading system for elastic virtual optical networks. In 2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall), pages 1–5. IEEE.
Jiang, M. et al. (2021). Decentralized blockchain-based dynamic spectrum acquisition for wireless downlink communications. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69:986–997.
Liu, L. et al. (2022). Spectrum trading and sharing in unmanned aerial vehicles based on distributed blockchain consortium system. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 103:108255.
Liu, M. et al. (2021). Fair and smart spectrum allocation scheme for IIoT based on blockchain. Ad Hoc Networks, 123:102686.
Maksymyuk, T. et al. (2021). AI-enabled blockchain framework for dynamic spectrum management in multi-operator 6G networks. In Future Intent-Based Networking: On the QoS Robust and Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Software Defined Networks, pages 322–338. Springer International Publishing.
Markkandan, S. et al. (2023). Spectrum management in 6G HetNet based on smart contracts and harmonized software-defined networking-enabled approach. International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications (IJCNA), 10(2):231–243.
Patel, F. et al. (2021). Block6tel: Blockchain-based spectrum allocation scheme in 6G-envisioned communications. In 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), pages 1823–1828. IEEE.
Perera, L. et al. (2024). A survey on blockchain for dynamic spectrum sharing. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society.
Polyzos, G. C. (2022). Smart contracts for decentralized dynamic spectrum marketplaces. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 29(3):275–280.
Rajasekaran, A. S., Azees, M., and Al-Turjman, F. (2022). A comprehensive survey on blockchain technology. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52:102039.
Reypnazarov, E. et al. (2023). Research of the application of blockchain and smart contract technologies in spectrum management and trading in cognitive radio networks. In E3S Web of Conferences, page 03005. EDP Sciences.
Salahdine, F., Han, T., and Zhang, N. (2023). 5G, 6G, and beyond: Recent advances and future challenges. Annals of Telecommunications, 78(9):525–549.
Tricco, A. C. et al. (2015). A scoping review of rapid review methods. BMC Medicine, 13:1–15.
Tripathi, M., Phillips, B., and Sorell, M. (2019). Bring your own spectrum (BYOS)–a tiered architecture supporting flexible spectrum allocation. In 30th European Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS): "Towards a Connected and Automated Society", Helsinki, Finland, 16th-19th June, 2019.
Wang, J. et al. (2021). A secure spectrum auction scheme without the trusted party based on the smart contract. Digital Communications and Networks, 7(2):223–234.
Wang, L. et al. (2023a). Secure spectrum sharing for satellite Internet-of-Things based on blockchain. Wireless Personal Communications, 131(1):357–369.
Wang, M. et al. (2023b). Fairness oriented spectrum auction for blockchain-assisted dynamic spectrum sharing. In 2023 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Wang, W. and Zhao, Y. (2023). Blockchain-based spectrum management architecture and trading mechanism design for space-air-ground integrated network. IEEE Communications Letters.
Wang, Y. et al. (2023c). Blockchain-based spectrum sharing for FANET cooperative communication. IEEE Communications Letters.
Weerasinghe, N. et al. (2021). A novel blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS) platform for local 5G operators. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2:575–601.
Wilhelmi, F. and Giupponi, L. (2021). On the performance of blockchain-enabled RAN-as-a-service in beyond 5G networks. In 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 01–06. IEEE.
Xenakis, D. et al. (2021). Contract-less mobile data access beyond 5G: fully-decentralized, high-throughput and anonymous asset trading over the blockchain. IEEE.
Xue, L. et al. (2021). STBC: A novel blockchain-based spectrum trading solution. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 8(1):13–30.
Yang, N. et al. (2023). Lightweight blockchain-based secure spectrum sharing in space–air–ground-integrated IoT network. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(23):20511–20527.
Yang, Y. et al. (2022). Reputation mechanism designed for blockchain empowered dynamic spectrum sharing system. In 2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 1191–1196. IEEE.
Zhao, J. et al. (2021a). Spectrum trading based on blockchain for resource allocation of optical network virtualization. In Optoelectronics and Communications Conference, page W1A.3. Optica Publishing Group.
Zhao, Z. et al. (2021b). Combinatorial spectrum e-auction for 5G heterogeneous networks: A Zether-based approach. Security and Communication Networks, 2021(1):1360560.
Zheng, S., Han, T., Jiang, Y., et al. (2020). Smart contract-based spectrum sharing transactions for multi-operators wireless communication networks. IEEE Access, 8:88547–88557.
Zhou, Y. et al. (2023). An improved spectrum trading design based on dynamic credit aggregate-signature blockchain. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 12(4):625–629.
Zhu, K. et al. (2022). Privacy-aware double auction with time-dependent valuation for blockchain-based dynamic spectrum sharing in IoT systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(8):6756–6768.
Zhu, R. et al. (2021). A blockchain-based two-stage secure spectrum intelligent sensing and sharing auction mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(4):2773–2783.
Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (2024). Cobertura móvel. Acesso em: 31 out. 2024.
Alsaedi, W. K. et al. (2023). Spectrum options and allocations for 6G: A regulatory and standardization review. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society.
Ariyarathna, T. et al. (2019). Dynamic spectrum access via smart contracts on blockchain. In 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Ayepah-Mensah, D. et al. (2023). Blockchain-enabled federated learning-based resource allocation and trading for network slicing in 5G. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.
Bhattacharya, P. et al. (2022). Trusted 6G-envisioned dynamic spectrum allocation: A reference model, layered architecture, and use-case. In Emerging Technologies for Computing, Communication and Smart Cities: Proceedings of ETCCS 2021, pages 405–418. Springer Nature Singapore.
Boateng, G. O. et al. (2022). Consortium blockchain-based spectrum trading for network slicing in 5G RAN: A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 22(10):5801–5815.
Cheng, Z. et al. (2023). A multi-blockchain scheme for distributed spectrum sharing in CBRS system. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 9(2):266–280.
Eiza, M. H. et al. (2023). Towards trusted and accountable win-win SDWN platform for trading Wi-Fi network access. In 2023 IEEE 20th Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Ethereum (2015). Erc-20 token standard. Acessado: 27 Oct. 2024.
Ethereum (2018a). Erc-1155 multi token standard. Acessado: 27 Oct. 2024.
Ethereum (2018b). Erc-721 non-fungible token standard. Acessado: 27 Oct. 2024.
Ghourab, E. M. et al. (2023). Reputation-aware relay selection with opportunistic spectrum access: A blockchain approach. IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology, 4:389–403.
Hu, Q. and Jiang, T. (2022). A smart contract based spectrum trading system for elastic virtual optical networks. In 2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall), pages 1–5. IEEE.
Jiang, M. et al. (2021). Decentralized blockchain-based dynamic spectrum acquisition for wireless downlink communications. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69:986–997.
Liu, L. et al. (2022). Spectrum trading and sharing in unmanned aerial vehicles based on distributed blockchain consortium system. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 103:108255.
Liu, M. et al. (2021). Fair and smart spectrum allocation scheme for IIoT based on blockchain. Ad Hoc Networks, 123:102686.
Maksymyuk, T. et al. (2021). AI-enabled blockchain framework for dynamic spectrum management in multi-operator 6G networks. In Future Intent-Based Networking: On the QoS Robust and Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Software Defined Networks, pages 322–338. Springer International Publishing.
Markkandan, S. et al. (2023). Spectrum management in 6G HetNet based on smart contracts and harmonized software-defined networking-enabled approach. International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications (IJCNA), 10(2):231–243.
Patel, F. et al. (2021). Block6tel: Blockchain-based spectrum allocation scheme in 6G-envisioned communications. In 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), pages 1823–1828. IEEE.
Perera, L. et al. (2024). A survey on blockchain for dynamic spectrum sharing. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society.
Polyzos, G. C. (2022). Smart contracts for decentralized dynamic spectrum marketplaces. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 29(3):275–280.
Rajasekaran, A. S., Azees, M., and Al-Turjman, F. (2022). A comprehensive survey on blockchain technology. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52:102039.
Reypnazarov, E. et al. (2023). Research of the application of blockchain and smart contract technologies in spectrum management and trading in cognitive radio networks. In E3S Web of Conferences, page 03005. EDP Sciences.
Salahdine, F., Han, T., and Zhang, N. (2023). 5G, 6G, and beyond: Recent advances and future challenges. Annals of Telecommunications, 78(9):525–549.
Tricco, A. C. et al. (2015). A scoping review of rapid review methods. BMC Medicine, 13:1–15.
Tripathi, M., Phillips, B., and Sorell, M. (2019). Bring your own spectrum (BYOS)–a tiered architecture supporting flexible spectrum allocation. In 30th European Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS): "Towards a Connected and Automated Society", Helsinki, Finland, 16th-19th June, 2019.
Wang, J. et al. (2021). A secure spectrum auction scheme without the trusted party based on the smart contract. Digital Communications and Networks, 7(2):223–234.
Wang, L. et al. (2023a). Secure spectrum sharing for satellite Internet-of-Things based on blockchain. Wireless Personal Communications, 131(1):357–369.
Wang, M. et al. (2023b). Fairness oriented spectrum auction for blockchain-assisted dynamic spectrum sharing. In 2023 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 1–6. IEEE.
Wang, W. and Zhao, Y. (2023). Blockchain-based spectrum management architecture and trading mechanism design for space-air-ground integrated network. IEEE Communications Letters.
Wang, Y. et al. (2023c). Blockchain-based spectrum sharing for FANET cooperative communication. IEEE Communications Letters.
Weerasinghe, N. et al. (2021). A novel blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS) platform for local 5G operators. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2:575–601.
Wilhelmi, F. and Giupponi, L. (2021). On the performance of blockchain-enabled RAN-as-a-service in beyond 5G networks. In 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 01–06. IEEE.
Xenakis, D. et al. (2021). Contract-less mobile data access beyond 5G: fully-decentralized, high-throughput and anonymous asset trading over the blockchain. IEEE.
Xue, L. et al. (2021). STBC: A novel blockchain-based spectrum trading solution. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 8(1):13–30.
Yang, N. et al. (2023). Lightweight blockchain-based secure spectrum sharing in space–air–ground-integrated IoT network. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(23):20511–20527.
Yang, Y. et al. (2022). Reputation mechanism designed for blockchain empowered dynamic spectrum sharing system. In 2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 1191–1196. IEEE.
Zhao, J. et al. (2021a). Spectrum trading based on blockchain for resource allocation of optical network virtualization. In Optoelectronics and Communications Conference, page W1A.3. Optica Publishing Group.
Zhao, Z. et al. (2021b). Combinatorial spectrum e-auction for 5G heterogeneous networks: A Zether-based approach. Security and Communication Networks, 2021(1):1360560.
Zheng, S., Han, T., Jiang, Y., et al. (2020). Smart contract-based spectrum sharing transactions for multi-operators wireless communication networks. IEEE Access, 8:88547–88557.
Zhou, Y. et al. (2023). An improved spectrum trading design based on dynamic credit aggregate-signature blockchain. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 12(4):625–629.
Zhu, K. et al. (2022). Privacy-aware double auction with time-dependent valuation for blockchain-based dynamic spectrum sharing in IoT systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(8):6756–6768.
Zhu, R. et al. (2021). A blockchain-based two-stage secure spectrum intelligent sensing and sharing auction mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(4):2773–2783.
Publicado
19/05/2025
Como Citar
VELOSO, Alan; BASTOS, Mateus; SOUSA, Jeffson; ABREU, Diego; ABELÉM, Antônio.
Rapid Review em Aspectos Avançados de Blockchain para Compartilhamento de Espectro. In: WORKSHOP EM BLOCKCHAIN: TEORIA, TECNOLOGIAS E APLICAÇÕES (WBLOCKCHAIN), 8. , 2025, Natal/RN.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 98-111.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/wblockchain.2025.8822.
