Twitter and the 2022 Brazilian Elections Portrait: A Network and Content-Driven Analysis
Resumo
The influence of online social networks on people’s actions and beliefs has grown significantly over the past decade, impacting everyday life. This is especially evident in Brazil, where these platforms have been instrumental in disseminating political content rapidly and widely. In this work, we aim to understand how the political debate surrounding the Brazilian elections of 2022 on Twitter unfolds through different levels of user engagement. We provide a content analysis that unveils the main topics discussed by different users, regardless of the strength of their interactions. Our results enrich the understanding of how online discussions evolved on social media during this important event in the recent history of democracy in Brazil.
Palavras-chave:
2022 Brazilian Elections, Network Modeling, Online Discussions, Twitter, Natural Language Processing
Referências
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Vincent D Blondel, Jean-Loup Guillaume, Renaud Lambiotte, and Etienne Lefebvre. 2008. Fast unfolding of comm. in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2008, 10 (oct 2008), P10008. DOI: 10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Josemar Caetano, Samuel Guimarães, Marcelo M. R. Araújo, Márcio Silva, Júlio C. S. Reis, Ana P. C. Silva, Fabrício Benevenuto, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. Characterizing Early Electoral Advertisements on Twitter: A Brazilian Case Study. In Social Informatics, Frank Hopfgartner, Kokil Jaidka, Philipp Mayr, Joemon Jose, and Jan Breitsohl (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 257–272.
André Cristiani, Douglas Lieira, and Heloisa Camargo. 2020. A Sentiment Analysis of Brazilian Elections Tweets. In Anais do VIII Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning (Evento Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 153–160. DOI: 10.5753/kdmile.2020.11971
Jose Martins da Rosa, Renan Saldanha Linhares, Carlos Henrique Gomes Ferreira, Gabriel P. Nobre, Fabricio Murai, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. Uncovering Discussion Groups on Claims of Election Fraud from Twitter. In Proc. of Social Informatics: 13th International Conference. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-19097-1_20
Roman Egger and Joanne Yu. 2022. A Topic Modeling Comparison Between LDA, NMF, Top2Vec, and BERTopic to Demystify Twitter Posts. Frontiers in Sociology 7 (05 2022). DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.886498
Anna Fang and Zina Ben-Miled. 2017. Does bad news spread faster?. In 2017 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). 793–797. DOI: 10.1109/ICCNC.2017.7876232
Juliana Feitosa, Luiz De Camargo, Eloisa Bonatti, Giovanna Simioni, and José Brega. 2023. eXplainable Artificial Intelligence in sentiment analysis of posts about Covid-19 vaccination on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (Ribeirão Preto/SP). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 65–72. [link]
Emilio Ferrara, Herbert Chang, Emily Chen, Goran Muric, and Jaimin Patel. 2020. Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. First Monday (2020). DOI: 10.5210/fm.v25i11.11431
Carlos HG Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Ana PC Silva, Jussara M Almeida, Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Marco Mellia, and Idilio Drago. 2021. On the dynamics of political discussions on instagram: A network perspective. Online Social Networks and Media 25 (2021), 100155.
E Fonseca, L Santos, Marcelo Criscuolo, and S Aluisio. 2016. ASSIN: Avaliacao de similaridade semantica e inferencia textual. In Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language-12th International Conference, Tomar, Portugal. 13–15.
Carlos Henrique Gomes Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Ana Paula Couto da Silva, Jussara Marques de Almeida, Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Idilio Drago, and Marco Mellia. 2020. Unveiling community dynamics on instagram political network. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science. 231–240.
Carlos Henrique Gomes Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Ana P. C. Silva, Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Idilio Drago, Marco Mellia, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. On network backbone extraction for modeling online collective behavior. PLOS ONE 17, 9 (09 2022), 1–36. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274218
Maarten Grootendorst. 2022. BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794 (2022).
Joshua Guberman, Carol E. Schmitz, and Libby Hemphill. 2016. Quantifying Toxicity and Verbal Violence on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA, February 27 - March 2, 2016, Companion Volume, Darren Gergle, Meredith Ringel Morris, Pernille Bjørn, and Joseph A. Konstan (Eds.). ACM, 277–280. DOI: 10.1145/2818052.2869107
Ruben Interian and Francisco A Rodrigues. 2023. Group polarization, influence, and domination in online interaction networks: a case study of the 2022 Brazilian elections. Journal of Physics: Complexity 4, 3 (Sept. 2023), 035008. DOI: 10.1088/2632-072x/acf6a4
Andressa Kappaun and Jonice Oliveira. 2023. Análise sobre Viés de Gênero no Youtube: Um Estudo sobre as Eleições Presidenciais de 2018 e 2022. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 127–138. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.230625
Renan S. Linhares, José M. Rosa, Carlos H. G. Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Gabriel Nobre, and Jussara Almeida. 2022. Uncovering Coordinated Communities on Twitter During the 2020 U.S. Election. In Proc. of ASONAM.
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs/1907.11692 (2019). [link]
Caio Machado, Beatriz Kira, Vidya Narayanan, Bence Kollanyi, and Philip Howard. 2019. A Study of Misinformation in WhatsApp Groups with a Focus on the Brazilian Presidential Elections.. In Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1013–1019. DOI: 10.1145/3308560.3316738
Larissa G. Malagoli, Julia Stancioli, Carlos H. G. Ferreira, Marisa Vasconcelos, Ana Paula Couto da Silva, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2021. A Look into COVID-19 Vaccination Debate on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 (Virtual Event, United Kingdom) (WebSci ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 225–233. DOI: 10.1145/3447535.3462498
Philip May. 2021. Machine translated multilingual STS benchmark dataset. [link]
Carlos Navarrete, Mariana Macedo, Rachael Colley, Jingling Zhang, Nicole Ferrada, Maria Eduarda Mello, Rodrigo Lira, Carmelo Bastos-Filho, Umberto Grandi, Jerome Lang, and César A. Hidalgo. 2023. Understanding Political Divisiveness using Online Participation data from the 2022 French and Brazilian Presidential Elections. arXiv:2211.04577 [cs.CY]
M. E. J. Newman and M. Girvan. 2004. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. E 69 (Feb 2004), 026113. Issue 2. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113
Gabriel Nobre, Carlos Ferreira, and Jussara Almeida. 2020. Beyond Groups: Uncovering Dynamic Communities on the WhatsApp Network of Information Dissemination. In SocInfo’ 2020.
Gabriel Peres Nobre, Carlos H.G. Ferreira, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. A Hierarchical Network-Oriented Analysis of User Participation in Misinformation Spread on WhatsApp. Information Processing and Management 59, 1 (jan 2022),21 pages. DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102757
Beatriz Paiva, Beatriz Barbosa, Ana Silva, and Mirella Moro. 2023. O debate do feminismo no Twitter: Um estudo de caso das eleições brasileiras de 2022. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 103–114. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.230537
Livy Real, Erick Fonseca, and Hugo Goncalo Oliveira. 2020. The assin 2 shared task: a quick overview. In International Conference on Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language. Springer, 406–412.
Julio Reis, Philipe Melo, Fabiano Belém, Fabricio Murai, Jussara Almeida, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2023. Helping Fact-Checkers Identify Fake News Stories Shared through Images on WhatsApp. In Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (Ribeirão Preto/SP). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 159–167. [link]
Gonzalo A. Ruz, Pablo A. Henríquez, and Aldo Mascareño. 2020. Sentiment analysis of Twitter data during critical events through Bayesian Net. class. Future Gen. Computer Systems 106 (2020), 92–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2020.01.005
Maria Santana, Juliana Lima, Andreiwid Correa, and Kellyton Brito. 2023. Engajamento no TikTok dos candidatos às eleições Brasileiras de 2022 – Resultados Iniciais. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 151–162. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.230641
Daiana Santos and Lilian Berton. 2023. Analysis of Twitter users’ sentiments about the first round 2022 presidential election in Brazil. In Anais do XX Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (Belo Horizonte/MG). SBC,Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 880–893. DOI: 10.5753/eniac.2023.234511
M. Ángeles Serrano, Marián Boguñá, and Alessandro Vespignani. 2009. Extracting the multiscale backbone of complex weighted networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 16 (April 2009), 6483–6488. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808904106
Sarah Silva and Elaine Faria. 2023. Análise de sentimentos expressos no Twitter em relação aos candidatos da eleição presidencial de 2022. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 79–90. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.229992
Fábio Souza, Rodrigo Nogueira, and Roberto Lotufo. 2020. BERTimbau: pretrained BERT models for Brazilian Portuguese. In 9th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems, BRACIS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, October 20-23 (to appear).
Yla Tausczik and James Pennebaker. 2010. The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of language and social psychology 29, 1 (2010), 24–54.
Otavio R. Venâncio, Carlos H. G. Ferreira, Jussara M. Almeida, and Ana Paula C. da Silva. 2024. Unraveling User Coordination on Telegram: A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Mobilization during the 2022 Brazilian Presidential Election. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 18, 1 (May 2024), 1545–1556. DOI: 10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31408
Shlomo Yitzhaki. 1979. Relative deprivation and the Gini coefficient. The quarterly journal of economics (1979), 321–324.
Vincent D Blondel, Jean-Loup Guillaume, Renaud Lambiotte, and Etienne Lefebvre. 2008. Fast unfolding of comm. in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2008, 10 (oct 2008), P10008. DOI: 10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Josemar Caetano, Samuel Guimarães, Marcelo M. R. Araújo, Márcio Silva, Júlio C. S. Reis, Ana P. C. Silva, Fabrício Benevenuto, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. Characterizing Early Electoral Advertisements on Twitter: A Brazilian Case Study. In Social Informatics, Frank Hopfgartner, Kokil Jaidka, Philipp Mayr, Joemon Jose, and Jan Breitsohl (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 257–272.
André Cristiani, Douglas Lieira, and Heloisa Camargo. 2020. A Sentiment Analysis of Brazilian Elections Tweets. In Anais do VIII Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning (Evento Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 153–160. DOI: 10.5753/kdmile.2020.11971
Jose Martins da Rosa, Renan Saldanha Linhares, Carlos Henrique Gomes Ferreira, Gabriel P. Nobre, Fabricio Murai, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. Uncovering Discussion Groups on Claims of Election Fraud from Twitter. In Proc. of Social Informatics: 13th International Conference. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-19097-1_20
Roman Egger and Joanne Yu. 2022. A Topic Modeling Comparison Between LDA, NMF, Top2Vec, and BERTopic to Demystify Twitter Posts. Frontiers in Sociology 7 (05 2022). DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.886498
Anna Fang and Zina Ben-Miled. 2017. Does bad news spread faster?. In 2017 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). 793–797. DOI: 10.1109/ICCNC.2017.7876232
Juliana Feitosa, Luiz De Camargo, Eloisa Bonatti, Giovanna Simioni, and José Brega. 2023. eXplainable Artificial Intelligence in sentiment analysis of posts about Covid-19 vaccination on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (Ribeirão Preto/SP). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 65–72. [link]
Emilio Ferrara, Herbert Chang, Emily Chen, Goran Muric, and Jaimin Patel. 2020. Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. First Monday (2020). DOI: 10.5210/fm.v25i11.11431
Carlos HG Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Ana PC Silva, Jussara M Almeida, Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Marco Mellia, and Idilio Drago. 2021. On the dynamics of political discussions on instagram: A network perspective. Online Social Networks and Media 25 (2021), 100155.
E Fonseca, L Santos, Marcelo Criscuolo, and S Aluisio. 2016. ASSIN: Avaliacao de similaridade semantica e inferencia textual. In Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language-12th International Conference, Tomar, Portugal. 13–15.
Carlos Henrique Gomes Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Ana Paula Couto da Silva, Jussara Marques de Almeida, Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Idilio Drago, and Marco Mellia. 2020. Unveiling community dynamics on instagram political network. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science. 231–240.
Carlos Henrique Gomes Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Ana P. C. Silva, Martino Trevisan, Luca Vassio, Idilio Drago, Marco Mellia, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. On network backbone extraction for modeling online collective behavior. PLOS ONE 17, 9 (09 2022), 1–36. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274218
Maarten Grootendorst. 2022. BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794 (2022).
Joshua Guberman, Carol E. Schmitz, and Libby Hemphill. 2016. Quantifying Toxicity and Verbal Violence on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA, February 27 - March 2, 2016, Companion Volume, Darren Gergle, Meredith Ringel Morris, Pernille Bjørn, and Joseph A. Konstan (Eds.). ACM, 277–280. DOI: 10.1145/2818052.2869107
Ruben Interian and Francisco A Rodrigues. 2023. Group polarization, influence, and domination in online interaction networks: a case study of the 2022 Brazilian elections. Journal of Physics: Complexity 4, 3 (Sept. 2023), 035008. DOI: 10.1088/2632-072x/acf6a4
Andressa Kappaun and Jonice Oliveira. 2023. Análise sobre Viés de Gênero no Youtube: Um Estudo sobre as Eleições Presidenciais de 2018 e 2022. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 127–138. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.230625
Renan S. Linhares, José M. Rosa, Carlos H. G. Ferreira, Fabricio Murai, Gabriel Nobre, and Jussara Almeida. 2022. Uncovering Coordinated Communities on Twitter During the 2020 U.S. Election. In Proc. of ASONAM.
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR abs/1907.11692 (2019). [link]
Caio Machado, Beatriz Kira, Vidya Narayanan, Bence Kollanyi, and Philip Howard. 2019. A Study of Misinformation in WhatsApp Groups with a Focus on the Brazilian Presidential Elections.. In Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1013–1019. DOI: 10.1145/3308560.3316738
Larissa G. Malagoli, Julia Stancioli, Carlos H. G. Ferreira, Marisa Vasconcelos, Ana Paula Couto da Silva, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2021. A Look into COVID-19 Vaccination Debate on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 (Virtual Event, United Kingdom) (WebSci ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 225–233. DOI: 10.1145/3447535.3462498
Philip May. 2021. Machine translated multilingual STS benchmark dataset. [link]
Carlos Navarrete, Mariana Macedo, Rachael Colley, Jingling Zhang, Nicole Ferrada, Maria Eduarda Mello, Rodrigo Lira, Carmelo Bastos-Filho, Umberto Grandi, Jerome Lang, and César A. Hidalgo. 2023. Understanding Political Divisiveness using Online Participation data from the 2022 French and Brazilian Presidential Elections. arXiv:2211.04577 [cs.CY]
M. E. J. Newman and M. Girvan. 2004. Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. E 69 (Feb 2004), 026113. Issue 2. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113
Gabriel Nobre, Carlos Ferreira, and Jussara Almeida. 2020. Beyond Groups: Uncovering Dynamic Communities on the WhatsApp Network of Information Dissemination. In SocInfo’ 2020.
Gabriel Peres Nobre, Carlos H.G. Ferreira, and Jussara M. Almeida. 2022. A Hierarchical Network-Oriented Analysis of User Participation in Misinformation Spread on WhatsApp. Information Processing and Management 59, 1 (jan 2022),21 pages. DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102757
Beatriz Paiva, Beatriz Barbosa, Ana Silva, and Mirella Moro. 2023. O debate do feminismo no Twitter: Um estudo de caso das eleições brasileiras de 2022. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 103–114. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.230537
Livy Real, Erick Fonseca, and Hugo Goncalo Oliveira. 2020. The assin 2 shared task: a quick overview. In International Conference on Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language. Springer, 406–412.
Julio Reis, Philipe Melo, Fabiano Belém, Fabricio Murai, Jussara Almeida, and Fabricio Benevenuto. 2023. Helping Fact-Checkers Identify Fake News Stories Shared through Images on WhatsApp. In Proceedings of the 29th Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (Ribeirão Preto/SP). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 159–167. [link]
Gonzalo A. Ruz, Pablo A. Henríquez, and Aldo Mascareño. 2020. Sentiment analysis of Twitter data during critical events through Bayesian Net. class. Future Gen. Computer Systems 106 (2020), 92–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2020.01.005
Maria Santana, Juliana Lima, Andreiwid Correa, and Kellyton Brito. 2023. Engajamento no TikTok dos candidatos às eleições Brasileiras de 2022 – Resultados Iniciais. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 151–162. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.230641
Daiana Santos and Lilian Berton. 2023. Analysis of Twitter users’ sentiments about the first round 2022 presidential election in Brazil. In Anais do XX Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (Belo Horizonte/MG). SBC,Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 880–893. DOI: 10.5753/eniac.2023.234511
M. Ángeles Serrano, Marián Boguñá, and Alessandro Vespignani. 2009. Extracting the multiscale backbone of complex weighted networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 16 (April 2009), 6483–6488. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808904106
Sarah Silva and Elaine Faria. 2023. Análise de sentimentos expressos no Twitter em relação aos candidatos da eleição presidencial de 2022. In Anais do XII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (João Pessoa/PB). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 79–90. DOI: 10.5753/brasnam.2023.229992
Fábio Souza, Rodrigo Nogueira, and Roberto Lotufo. 2020. BERTimbau: pretrained BERT models for Brazilian Portuguese. In 9th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems, BRACIS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, October 20-23 (to appear).
Yla Tausczik and James Pennebaker. 2010. The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of language and social psychology 29, 1 (2010), 24–54.
Otavio R. Venâncio, Carlos H. G. Ferreira, Jussara M. Almeida, and Ana Paula C. da Silva. 2024. Unraveling User Coordination on Telegram: A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Mobilization during the 2022 Brazilian Presidential Election. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 18, 1 (May 2024), 1545–1556. DOI: 10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31408
Shlomo Yitzhaki. 1979. Relative deprivation and the Gini coefficient. The quarterly journal of economics (1979), 321–324.
Publicado
14/10/2024
Como Citar
MALAGOLI, Larissa; PIORINO, Giovana; FERREIRA, Carlos H. G.; SILVA, Ana Paula Couto da.
Twitter and the 2022 Brazilian Elections Portrait: A Network and Content-Driven Analysis. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 30. , 2024, Juiz de Fora/MG.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2024
.
p. 283-291.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2024.241926.
