Análise da Eficiência de Compressão do Codificador HEVC Embarcado no Smartphone Samsung Galaxy S23 Plus
Resumo
The consumption of video content on mobile devices is becoming increasingly integrated into people’s daily routines. The intensive transmission of video between devices requires smartphones to include dedicated embedded hardware capable of performing real-time video encoding and decoding. Due to the high computational demands of the video encoding process, dedicated hardware designs must implement various resource-constraining strategies to reduce computational complexity. These constraints inevitably impact the rate-distortion performance, leading to a loss in coding efficiency. This study aims to analyze the constraints and their effects on the coding efficiency of the Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 chipset, embedded in the Samsung Galaxy S23 Plus smartphone. The results of this work can help hardware designers assess whether the coding efficiency losses introduced by their solutions align with those observed in commercial video encoders.
Palavras-chave:
Codificação de vídeo, HEVC, dispositivos móveis, emulação em software
Referências
Vladimir Afonso, Ruhan Conceição, Mario Saldanha, Luciano Braatz, Murilo Perleberg, Guilherme Corrêa, Marcelo Porto, Luciano Agostini, Bruno Zatt, and Altamiro Susin. 2019. Energy-Aware Motion and Disparity Estimation System for 3D-HEVC With Run-Time Adaptive Memory Hierarchy. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 29, 6 (2019), 1878–1892. DOI: 10.1109/TCSVT.2018.2847633
Apple. 2022. iPhone 14 Pro technical specifications. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2022).
Bitmovin. 2023. The Annual Bitmovin Video Developer Report. Retrieved May 6, 2024: [link] (2023).
G. Bjontegaard. 2001. Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD curves. In ITU-T SG16/Q6 VCEG 13th meeting, Austin. Retrieved Jul. 21, 2025: [link].
Jill Boyce, Karsten Suehring, Xiang Li, and Vadim Seregin. 2018. JVET-J1010: JVET common test conditions and software reference configurations.
T. Bubolz, R. Conceição, M. Grellert, B. Zatt, L. Agostini, and G. Correa. 2018. Fast and energy-efficient HEVC transrating based on frame partitioning inheritance. 2018 IEEE 9th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2018), 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2018.8399905
Y. Cai, Y. Fan, L. Huang, X. Zeng, H. Yin, and B. Zeng. 2022. A Fast CABAC Hardware Design for Accelerating the Rate Estimation in HEVC. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 32, 4 (2022), 2385–2395. DOI: 10.1109/TCSVT.2021.3093579
W. Chuen-Ching and G. L. Li. 2017. Hardware-friendly advanced motion vector prediction method and its architecture design for high efficiency video coding. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 26 (2017), 25285–25296. DOI: 10.1007/s11042-017-4500-9
CISCO. 2023. Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023) White Paper. Retrieved Julho 25, 2025 from [link]
R. Conceição, A. Araújo, M. Porto, B. Zatt, and L. Agostini. 2015. Hardware design of fast HEVC 2-D IDCT targeting real-time UHD 4K applications. 2015 IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2015), 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2015.7250473
V. Costa, M. Perleberg, L. Agostini, and M. Porto. 2024. Coding Efficiency and Time Evaluation of Apple A15 Bionic Chipset HEVC Encoder. 2024 IEEE 15th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2024), 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS60203.2024.10506151
FFmpeg. 2000. Fast Foward Moving Pictures Experts Group. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2000).
M. Grellert, S. Bampi, and B. Zatt. 2016. Complexity-scalable HEVC encoding. 2016 Picture Coding Symposium (2016), 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/PCS.2016.7906356
G. He, D. Zhou, Y. Li, Z. Chen, T. Zhang, and S. Goto. 2015. High-Throughput Power-Efficient VLSI Architecture of Fractional Motion Estimation for Ultra-HD HEVC Video Encoding. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 23, 12 (2015), 3138–3142. DOI: 10.1109/TVLSI.2014.2386897
L. Hu, J. Gu, G. He, and W. He. 2017. A hardware-friendly hierarchical HEVC motion estimation algorithm for UHD applications. 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (2017), 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050322
ITU-T. 2003. H.264: Advanced Video Coding. Retrieved Dec. 4, 2024: [link] (2003).
ITU-T. 2013. H.265: High Efficiency Video Coding. Retrieved Mar. 20, 2024: [link] (2013).
M. Leme, L. Braatz, D. Palomino, L. Agostini, and M. Porto. 2019. Low-Power and High-Throughput Approximate 4×4 DCT Hardware Architecture. 2019 IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2019), 245–248. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2019.8667581
Solveig Multimedia. 2015. Zond 265 - HEVC Analyzer. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2015).
S. Park, B. G. Choi, I. G. Lim, H. I. Park, and S. W. Kang. 2016. An efficient motion estimation hardware architecture using Modified Reference Data Access (MRDAS) skip algorithm for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) encoder. 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (2016), 85–89. DOI: 10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2016.7684724
G. Pastuszak and M. Trochimiuk. 2016. Algorithm and architecture design of the motion estimation for the H.265/HEVC 4K-UHD encoder. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 12 (2016), 517–529. DOI: 10.1007/s11554-015-0516-4
W. Penny, G. Corrêa, L. Agostini, D. Palomino, M. Porto, G. Nazar, and B. Zatt. 2020. Low-Power and Memory-Aware Approximate Hardware Architecture for Fractional Motion Estimation Interpolation on HEVC. 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (2020), 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/ISCAS45731.2020.9180976
Murilo Perleberg, Vladimir Afonso, Luciano Agostini, Bruno Zatt, and Marcelo Porto. 2024. Memory-Centered Motion Estimation System With CTB-Based Full-Splitting Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics (2024). DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2024.3399123
M. Perleberg, V. Afonso, L. Agostini, B. Zatt, and M. Porto. 2024. Memory-Centered Motion Estimation System With CTB-Based Full-Splitting Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 70, 2 (2024), 5007–5019. DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2024.3399123
M. Perleberg, V. Afonso, R. Conceição, A. Susin, L. Agostini, M. Porto, and B. Zatt. 2018. Energy and rate-aware design for HEVC motion estimation based on Pareto efficiency. Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 13, 1 (2018), 1–12. DOI: 10.29292/jics.v13i1.18
R. Porto, L. Agostini, B. Zatt, N. Roma, and M. Porto. 2019. Power-Efficient Approximate SAD Architecture with LOA Imprecise Adders. IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2019), 65–68. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2019.8667554
R. Porto, M. Perleberg, V. Afonso, B. Zatt, N. Roma, L. Agostini, and M. Porto. 2021. Fast and energy-efficient approximate motion estimation architecture for real-time 4K UHD processing. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 18 (2021), 723–737. DOI: 10.1007/s11554-020-01014-6
Qualcomm. 2022. Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 Mobile Platform. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2022).
Samsung. 2023. Samsung Galaxy S23 & S23+ technical specifications. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2023).
Scientiamobile. 2018. Growing Support of HEVC or H.265 Video on Mobile Devices. Retrieved Jun. 5, 2024: [link] (2018).
K. Singh and S. Rafi Ahamed. 2018. Low Power Motion Estimation Algorithm and Architecture of HEVC/H.265 for Consumer Applications. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 64, 3 (2018), 267–275. DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2018.2867823
A. Singhadia, M. Mamillapalli, and I. Chakrabarti. 2020. Hardware-Efficient 2D-DCT/IDCT Architecture for Portable HEVC-Compliant Devices. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 66, 3 (2020), 203–212. DOI: 10.1109/ TCE.2020.3006213
Karsten Suehring. 2023. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Test Model (HM) - Version 18.0. Retrieved Dec. 4, 2024: [link] (2023).
V. Sze, M. Budagavi, and G. Sullivan. 2014. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC): Algorithms and Architectures. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06895-4
ViTech. 2025. Sequências Capturadas com o Smartphone Samsung Galaxy S23 Plus. [link]
Y. Zhang and C. Lu. 2019. Efficient Algorithm Adaptations and Fully Parallel Hardware Architecture of H.265/HEVC Intra Encoder. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 29, 11 (2019), 3415–3429. DOI: 10.1109/TCSVT.2018.2878399
Apple. 2022. iPhone 14 Pro technical specifications. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2022).
Bitmovin. 2023. The Annual Bitmovin Video Developer Report. Retrieved May 6, 2024: [link] (2023).
G. Bjontegaard. 2001. Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD curves. In ITU-T SG16/Q6 VCEG 13th meeting, Austin. Retrieved Jul. 21, 2025: [link].
Jill Boyce, Karsten Suehring, Xiang Li, and Vadim Seregin. 2018. JVET-J1010: JVET common test conditions and software reference configurations.
T. Bubolz, R. Conceição, M. Grellert, B. Zatt, L. Agostini, and G. Correa. 2018. Fast and energy-efficient HEVC transrating based on frame partitioning inheritance. 2018 IEEE 9th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2018), 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2018.8399905
Y. Cai, Y. Fan, L. Huang, X. Zeng, H. Yin, and B. Zeng. 2022. A Fast CABAC Hardware Design for Accelerating the Rate Estimation in HEVC. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 32, 4 (2022), 2385–2395. DOI: 10.1109/TCSVT.2021.3093579
W. Chuen-Ching and G. L. Li. 2017. Hardware-friendly advanced motion vector prediction method and its architecture design for high efficiency video coding. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 26 (2017), 25285–25296. DOI: 10.1007/s11042-017-4500-9
CISCO. 2023. Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023) White Paper. Retrieved Julho 25, 2025 from [link]
R. Conceição, A. Araújo, M. Porto, B. Zatt, and L. Agostini. 2015. Hardware design of fast HEVC 2-D IDCT targeting real-time UHD 4K applications. 2015 IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2015), 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2015.7250473
V. Costa, M. Perleberg, L. Agostini, and M. Porto. 2024. Coding Efficiency and Time Evaluation of Apple A15 Bionic Chipset HEVC Encoder. 2024 IEEE 15th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2024), 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS60203.2024.10506151
FFmpeg. 2000. Fast Foward Moving Pictures Experts Group. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2000).
M. Grellert, S. Bampi, and B. Zatt. 2016. Complexity-scalable HEVC encoding. 2016 Picture Coding Symposium (2016), 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/PCS.2016.7906356
G. He, D. Zhou, Y. Li, Z. Chen, T. Zhang, and S. Goto. 2015. High-Throughput Power-Efficient VLSI Architecture of Fractional Motion Estimation for Ultra-HD HEVC Video Encoding. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 23, 12 (2015), 3138–3142. DOI: 10.1109/TVLSI.2014.2386897
L. Hu, J. Gu, G. He, and W. He. 2017. A hardware-friendly hierarchical HEVC motion estimation algorithm for UHD applications. 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (2017), 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/ISCAS.2017.8050322
ITU-T. 2003. H.264: Advanced Video Coding. Retrieved Dec. 4, 2024: [link] (2003).
ITU-T. 2013. H.265: High Efficiency Video Coding. Retrieved Mar. 20, 2024: [link] (2013).
M. Leme, L. Braatz, D. Palomino, L. Agostini, and M. Porto. 2019. Low-Power and High-Throughput Approximate 4×4 DCT Hardware Architecture. 2019 IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2019), 245–248. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2019.8667581
Solveig Multimedia. 2015. Zond 265 - HEVC Analyzer. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2015).
S. Park, B. G. Choi, I. G. Lim, H. I. Park, and S. W. Kang. 2016. An efficient motion estimation hardware architecture using Modified Reference Data Access (MRDAS) skip algorithm for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) encoder. 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (2016), 85–89. DOI: 10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2016.7684724
G. Pastuszak and M. Trochimiuk. 2016. Algorithm and architecture design of the motion estimation for the H.265/HEVC 4K-UHD encoder. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 12 (2016), 517–529. DOI: 10.1007/s11554-015-0516-4
W. Penny, G. Corrêa, L. Agostini, D. Palomino, M. Porto, G. Nazar, and B. Zatt. 2020. Low-Power and Memory-Aware Approximate Hardware Architecture for Fractional Motion Estimation Interpolation on HEVC. 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) (2020), 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/ISCAS45731.2020.9180976
Murilo Perleberg, Vladimir Afonso, Luciano Agostini, Bruno Zatt, and Marcelo Porto. 2024. Memory-Centered Motion Estimation System With CTB-Based Full-Splitting Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics (2024). DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2024.3399123
M. Perleberg, V. Afonso, L. Agostini, B. Zatt, and M. Porto. 2024. Memory-Centered Motion Estimation System With CTB-Based Full-Splitting Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 70, 2 (2024), 5007–5019. DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2024.3399123
M. Perleberg, V. Afonso, R. Conceição, A. Susin, L. Agostini, M. Porto, and B. Zatt. 2018. Energy and rate-aware design for HEVC motion estimation based on Pareto efficiency. Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 13, 1 (2018), 1–12. DOI: 10.29292/jics.v13i1.18
R. Porto, L. Agostini, B. Zatt, N. Roma, and M. Porto. 2019. Power-Efficient Approximate SAD Architecture with LOA Imprecise Adders. IEEE 10th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS) (2019), 65–68. DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS.2019.8667554
R. Porto, M. Perleberg, V. Afonso, B. Zatt, N. Roma, L. Agostini, and M. Porto. 2021. Fast and energy-efficient approximate motion estimation architecture for real-time 4K UHD processing. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 18 (2021), 723–737. DOI: 10.1007/s11554-020-01014-6
Qualcomm. 2022. Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 Mobile Platform. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2022).
Samsung. 2023. Samsung Galaxy S23 & S23+ technical specifications. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2024: [link] (2023).
Scientiamobile. 2018. Growing Support of HEVC or H.265 Video on Mobile Devices. Retrieved Jun. 5, 2024: [link] (2018).
K. Singh and S. Rafi Ahamed. 2018. Low Power Motion Estimation Algorithm and Architecture of HEVC/H.265 for Consumer Applications. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 64, 3 (2018), 267–275. DOI: 10.1109/TCE.2018.2867823
A. Singhadia, M. Mamillapalli, and I. Chakrabarti. 2020. Hardware-Efficient 2D-DCT/IDCT Architecture for Portable HEVC-Compliant Devices. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 66, 3 (2020), 203–212. DOI: 10.1109/ TCE.2020.3006213
Karsten Suehring. 2023. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Test Model (HM) - Version 18.0. Retrieved Dec. 4, 2024: [link] (2023).
V. Sze, M. Budagavi, and G. Sullivan. 2014. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC): Algorithms and Architectures. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06895-4
ViTech. 2025. Sequências Capturadas com o Smartphone Samsung Galaxy S23 Plus. [link]
Y. Zhang and C. Lu. 2019. Efficient Algorithm Adaptations and Fully Parallel Hardware Architecture of H.265/HEVC Intra Encoder. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 29, 11 (2019), 3415–3429. DOI: 10.1109/TCSVT.2018.2878399
Publicado
10/11/2025
Como Citar
COSTA, Vítor; PERLEBERG, Murilo; AGOSTINI, Luciano; PORTO, Marcelo.
Análise da Eficiência de Compressão do Codificador HEVC Embarcado no Smartphone Samsung Galaxy S23 Plus. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 31. , 2025, Rio de Janeiro/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 516-520.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/webmedia.2025.16013.
