Testando a Diversão em um Jogo Sério para o Aprendizado Introdutório de Programação
Resumo
Este artigo descreve um jogo sério para o aprendizado introdutório de programação e sua experimentação com uma turma de 16 alunos. O jogo abrange os assuntos de sequenciamento de ações, variáveis e condicionais. A solução é desenvolvida com blocos gráficos, tal como no Scratch. O objetivo da experimentação foi identificar os pontos fracos do jogo em promover a diversão. O instrumento utilizado para aferir essa qualidade chama-se EGameFlow que permitiu medí-lo em seis dimensões: concentração, clareza dos objetivos, feedback, desafios, autonomia e imersão. Os resultados demonstraram que a imersão é a dimensão mais fraca e nas conclusões apresentamos sugestões de melhorias.
Referências
Barnes, T., Powell, E., Chaffin, A., Godwin, A., & Richter, H. (2007). Game2Learn: Building CS1 Learning Games for Retention. In 12th SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. 121–125). Dundee, Scotland.
Bartle, R. A. (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders Publishing.
Brown, E., & Cairns, P. (2004). A grounded investigation of game immersion. In CHI ’04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1297–1300). Vienna, Austria.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper Perennial.
Eagle, M., & Barnes, T. (2009). Experimental Evaluation of an Educational Game for Improved Learning in Introductory Computing. In 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 321–325). Chattanooga, USA: ACM Press.
Fu, F. L., Su, R. C., & Yu, S. C. (2009). EGameFlow: A scale to measure learners’ enjoyment of e-learning games. Computers and Education, 52(1), 101–112.
Gee, J. P. (2004). Learning by design: Games as learning machines. Interactive Educational Multimedia, 8(8), 15–23.
Gomes, A., & Mendes, A. J. N. (2007). Learning to program-difficulties and solutions. In International Conference on Engineering Education (pp. 1–5). Coimbra, Portugal.
Kapp, K. M. (2012). The gamification of learning and instruction: game-based methods and strategies for training and education. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
Koster, R. (2014). A Theory of Fun for Game Design (2nd ed.). O’ Reilly Media, Inc.
Lee, M. J., Bahmani, F., Kwan, I., Laferte, J., Charters, P., Horvath, A., … Ko, A. J. (2014). Principles of a Debugging-First Puzzle Game for Computing Education. In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) (pp. 57–64).
Malone, T. W. (1980). What makes things fun to learn? Heuristics for designing instructional computer games. In 3rd ACM SIGSMALL Symposium (Vol. 162, pp. 162–169). Palo Alto, California, USA.
Morrison, B. B., & Preston, J. A. (2009). Engagement : Gaming throughout the Curriculum. In 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 342–346). Chattanooga, USA.
Perkins, D., & Martin, F. (1986). Fragile knowledge and neglected strategies in novice programmers. In E. Soloway and S. Iyengar (Ed.), Empirical studies of programmers (pp. 213–229). Ablex, NJ.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Game-Based Learning. McGraw-Hill.
Prince, M., & Hoyt, B. (2002). Helping students make the transition from novice to expert problem-solvers. In 32nd Frontiers in Education, 2002. (pp. 7–11).
Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and teaching programming: A review and discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137–172.
Schell, J. (2008). The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc.
Squire, K. D. (2005). Resuscitating research in educational technology: Using game-based learning research as a lens for looking at design-based research. Educational Technology, 45(1), 8–14.
Sweetser, P., & Johnson, D. (2004). Player-Centered Game Environments: Assessing Player Opinions, Experiences, and Issues. In Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2004 (Vol. LNCS 3166, pp. 321–332). New York.
Sweetser, P., & Wyeth, P. (2005). GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games. Computers in Entertainment, 3(3), 1–24.
Trefry, G. (2010). Casual game design: Designing play for the gamer in all of Us. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Vahldick, A., Mendes, A. J., & Marcelino, M. J. (2014). A Review of Games Designed to Improve Introductory Computer Programming Competencies. In 44th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference (pp. 781–787). Madrid, Spain.
Winslow, L. E. (1996). Programming pedagogy - a psychological overview. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(3), 17–22.
Zyda, M. (2005). From Visual Simulation to Virtual Reality to Games. Computer, 38(9), 25–32.
Bartle, R. A. (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders Publishing.
Brown, E., & Cairns, P. (2004). A grounded investigation of game immersion. In CHI ’04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1297–1300). Vienna, Austria.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper Perennial.
Eagle, M., & Barnes, T. (2009). Experimental Evaluation of an Educational Game for Improved Learning in Introductory Computing. In 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 321–325). Chattanooga, USA: ACM Press.
Fu, F. L., Su, R. C., & Yu, S. C. (2009). EGameFlow: A scale to measure learners’ enjoyment of e-learning games. Computers and Education, 52(1), 101–112.
Gee, J. P. (2004). Learning by design: Games as learning machines. Interactive Educational Multimedia, 8(8), 15–23.
Gomes, A., & Mendes, A. J. N. (2007). Learning to program-difficulties and solutions. In International Conference on Engineering Education (pp. 1–5). Coimbra, Portugal.
Kapp, K. M. (2012). The gamification of learning and instruction: game-based methods and strategies for training and education. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
Koster, R. (2014). A Theory of Fun for Game Design (2nd ed.). O’ Reilly Media, Inc.
Lee, M. J., Bahmani, F., Kwan, I., Laferte, J., Charters, P., Horvath, A., … Ko, A. J. (2014). Principles of a Debugging-First Puzzle Game for Computing Education. In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) (pp. 57–64).
Malone, T. W. (1980). What makes things fun to learn? Heuristics for designing instructional computer games. In 3rd ACM SIGSMALL Symposium (Vol. 162, pp. 162–169). Palo Alto, California, USA.
Morrison, B. B., & Preston, J. A. (2009). Engagement : Gaming throughout the Curriculum. In 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 342–346). Chattanooga, USA.
Perkins, D., & Martin, F. (1986). Fragile knowledge and neglected strategies in novice programmers. In E. Soloway and S. Iyengar (Ed.), Empirical studies of programmers (pp. 213–229). Ablex, NJ.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Game-Based Learning. McGraw-Hill.
Prince, M., & Hoyt, B. (2002). Helping students make the transition from novice to expert problem-solvers. In 32nd Frontiers in Education, 2002. (pp. 7–11).
Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003). Learning and teaching programming: A review and discussion. Computer Science Education, 13(2), 137–172.
Schell, J. (2008). The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Inc.
Squire, K. D. (2005). Resuscitating research in educational technology: Using game-based learning research as a lens for looking at design-based research. Educational Technology, 45(1), 8–14.
Sweetser, P., & Johnson, D. (2004). Player-Centered Game Environments: Assessing Player Opinions, Experiences, and Issues. In Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2004 (Vol. LNCS 3166, pp. 321–332). New York.
Sweetser, P., & Wyeth, P. (2005). GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games. Computers in Entertainment, 3(3), 1–24.
Trefry, G. (2010). Casual game design: Designing play for the gamer in all of Us. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Vahldick, A., Mendes, A. J., & Marcelino, M. J. (2014). A Review of Games Designed to Improve Introductory Computer Programming Competencies. In 44th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference (pp. 781–787). Madrid, Spain.
Winslow, L. E. (1996). Programming pedagogy - a psychological overview. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(3), 17–22.
Zyda, M. (2005). From Visual Simulation to Virtual Reality to Games. Computer, 38(9), 25–32.
Publicado
20/07/2015
Como Citar
VAHLDICK, Adilson; MENDES, António; MARCELINO, Maria José; HOGENN, Maciel; SCHOEFFEL, Pablo.
Testando a Diversão em um Jogo Sério para o Aprendizado Introdutório de Programação. In: WORKSHOP SOBRE EDUCAÇÃO EM COMPUTAÇÃO (WEI), 23. , 2015, Recife.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2015
.
p. 41-50.
ISSN 2595-6175.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/wei.2015.10220.
