Automated Planning and BDI Agents: a Case Study
Resumo
There have been many attempts to integrate automated planning and rational agents. Most of the research focuses on adding support directly within agent programming languages, such as those based on the Belief-Desire-Intention model, rather than using off-the-shelf planners. This approach is often believed to improve the computation time, which is a common requirement in real world applications. This paper shows that even in complex scenarios, such as in the Multi-Agent Programming Contest with 50 agents and a 4 second deadline for the agents to send actions to the server, it is possible to efficiently integrate agent languages with off-the-shelf automated planners. Based on the experience with this case study, the paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of decoupling the agents from the planners.
Referências
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Boissier, O., Bordini, R., Hubner, J., and Ricci, A. (2020). Multi-Agent Oriented Programming: Programming Multi-Agent Systems Using JaCaMo. Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents series. MIT Press.
Boissier, O., Bordini, R. H., Hübner, J. F., Ricci, A., and Santi, A. (2013). Multi-agent oriented programming with JaCaMo. Science of Computer Programming, 78(6):747–761.
Bordini, R. H., Seghrouchni, A. E. F., Hindriks, K. V., Logan, B., and Ricci, A. (2020). Agent programming in the cognitive era. Auton. Agents Multi Agent Syst., 34(2):37.
Bordini, R. H., Wooldridge, M., and Hübner, J. F. (2007). Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason. John Wiley & Sons.
Borgo, S., Cesta, A., Orlandini, A., and Umbrico, A. (2016). A planning-based architecture for a reconfigurable manufacturing system. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, ICAPS’16, pages 358–366, London, UK.
Bratman, M. E. (1987). Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press.
Cardoso, R. C. and Bordini, R. H. (2019). Decentralised planning for multi-agent programming platforms. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, AAMAS ’19, pages 799–807, Richland, SC. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
Cardoso, R. C. and Ferrando, A. (2021). A review of agent-based programming for multiagent systems. Computers, 10(2):16.
Cardoso, R. C., Ferrando, A., Dennis, L. A., and Fisher, M. (2021). Implementing ethical governors in bdi. In 9th International Workshop on Engineering Multi-Agent Systems.
Cardoso, R. C., Ferrando, A., and Papacchini, F. (2020). Lfc: Combining autonomous agents and automated planning in the multi-agent programming contest. In The Multi-Agent Programming Contest 2019, pages 31–58, Cham. Springer International Publishing.
Cardoso, R. C., Zatelli, M. R., Hübner, J. F., and Bordini, R. H. (2013). Towards benchmarking actor- and agent-based programming languages. In Workshop on Programming based on actors, agents, and decentralized control, pages 115–126, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
de Silva, L., Sardiña, S., and Padgham, L. (2009). First principles planning in bdi systems. In Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 2, AAMAS ’09, pages 1105–1112, Richland, SC. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
Fikes, R. E. and Nilsson, N. J. (1971). Strips: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving. Artificial Intelligence, 2(3):189 – 208.
Helmert, M. (2006). The fast downward planning system. J. Artif. Intell. Res., 26:191–246.
Helmert, M. (2009). Concise finite-domain representations for PDDL planning tasks. Artif. Intell., 173(5-6):503–535.
Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O. (2007). Developing organised multiagent systems using the MOISE+ model: programming issues at the system and agent levels. Int. J. Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, 1(3/4):370–395.
Logan, B. (2018). An agent programming manifesto. International Journal of Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, 6(2):187–210.
Mcdermott, D., Ghallab, M., Howe, A., Knoblock, C., Ram, A., Veloso, M., Weld, D., and Wilkins, D. (1998). PDDL - The Planning Domain Definition Language. Technical Report TR-98-003, Yale Center for Computational Vision and Control.
Meneguzzi, F. and Luck, M. (2013). Declarative Planning in Procedural Agent Architectures. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(16):6508 – 6520.
Mohajeri Parizi, M., Sileno, G., van Engers, T., and Klous, S. (2020). Run, agent, run! architecture and benchmarking of actor-based agents. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Programming Based on Actors, Agents, and Decentralized Control, AGERE 2020, pages 11–20, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Nau, D., Ghallab, M., and Traverso, P. (2004). Automated Planning: Theory & Practice. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nau, D. S., Ilghami, O., Kuter, U., Murdock, J. W., Wu, D., and Yaman, F. (2003). SHOP2: An HTN planning system. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 20(1):379–404.
Rao, A. S. and Georgeff, M. (1995). BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice. In Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), pages 312–319, San Francisco, USA.
Ricci, A., Piunti, M., Viroli, M., and Omicini, A. (2009). Environment programming in CArtAgO. In Multi-Agent Programming: Languages, Tools and Applications, Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, chapter 8, pages 259–288. Springer.
Sardiña, S. and Padgham, L. (2011). A BDI Agent Programming Language with Failure Handling, Declarative Goals, and Planning. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 23(1):18–70.
Boissier, O., Bordini, R., Hubner, J., and Ricci, A. (2020). Multi-Agent Oriented Programming: Programming Multi-Agent Systems Using JaCaMo. Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents series. MIT Press.
Boissier, O., Bordini, R. H., Hübner, J. F., Ricci, A., and Santi, A. (2013). Multi-agent oriented programming with JaCaMo. Science of Computer Programming, 78(6):747–761.
Bordini, R. H., Seghrouchni, A. E. F., Hindriks, K. V., Logan, B., and Ricci, A. (2020). Agent programming in the cognitive era. Auton. Agents Multi Agent Syst., 34(2):37.
Bordini, R. H., Wooldridge, M., and Hübner, J. F. (2007). Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason. John Wiley & Sons.
Borgo, S., Cesta, A., Orlandini, A., and Umbrico, A. (2016). A planning-based architecture for a reconfigurable manufacturing system. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, ICAPS’16, pages 358–366, London, UK.
Bratman, M. E. (1987). Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press.
Cardoso, R. C. and Bordini, R. H. (2019). Decentralised planning for multi-agent programming platforms. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems, AAMAS ’19, pages 799–807, Richland, SC. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
Cardoso, R. C. and Ferrando, A. (2021). A review of agent-based programming for multiagent systems. Computers, 10(2):16.
Cardoso, R. C., Ferrando, A., Dennis, L. A., and Fisher, M. (2021). Implementing ethical governors in bdi. In 9th International Workshop on Engineering Multi-Agent Systems.
Cardoso, R. C., Ferrando, A., and Papacchini, F. (2020). Lfc: Combining autonomous agents and automated planning in the multi-agent programming contest. In The Multi-Agent Programming Contest 2019, pages 31–58, Cham. Springer International Publishing.
Cardoso, R. C., Zatelli, M. R., Hübner, J. F., and Bordini, R. H. (2013). Towards benchmarking actor- and agent-based programming languages. In Workshop on Programming based on actors, agents, and decentralized control, pages 115–126, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
de Silva, L., Sardiña, S., and Padgham, L. (2009). First principles planning in bdi systems. In Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 2, AAMAS ’09, pages 1105–1112, Richland, SC. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
Fikes, R. E. and Nilsson, N. J. (1971). Strips: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving. Artificial Intelligence, 2(3):189 – 208.
Helmert, M. (2006). The fast downward planning system. J. Artif. Intell. Res., 26:191–246.
Helmert, M. (2009). Concise finite-domain representations for PDDL planning tasks. Artif. Intell., 173(5-6):503–535.
Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., and Boissier, O. (2007). Developing organised multiagent systems using the MOISE+ model: programming issues at the system and agent levels. Int. J. Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, 1(3/4):370–395.
Logan, B. (2018). An agent programming manifesto. International Journal of Agent-Oriented Software Engineering, 6(2):187–210.
Mcdermott, D., Ghallab, M., Howe, A., Knoblock, C., Ram, A., Veloso, M., Weld, D., and Wilkins, D. (1998). PDDL - The Planning Domain Definition Language. Technical Report TR-98-003, Yale Center for Computational Vision and Control.
Meneguzzi, F. and Luck, M. (2013). Declarative Planning in Procedural Agent Architectures. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(16):6508 – 6520.
Mohajeri Parizi, M., Sileno, G., van Engers, T., and Klous, S. (2020). Run, agent, run! architecture and benchmarking of actor-based agents. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Programming Based on Actors, Agents, and Decentralized Control, AGERE 2020, pages 11–20, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Nau, D., Ghallab, M., and Traverso, P. (2004). Automated Planning: Theory & Practice. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nau, D. S., Ilghami, O., Kuter, U., Murdock, J. W., Wu, D., and Yaman, F. (2003). SHOP2: An HTN planning system. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 20(1):379–404.
Rao, A. S. and Georgeff, M. (1995). BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice. In Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), pages 312–319, San Francisco, USA.
Ricci, A., Piunti, M., Viroli, M., and Omicini, A. (2009). Environment programming in CArtAgO. In Multi-Agent Programming: Languages, Tools and Applications, Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, chapter 8, pages 259–288. Springer.
Sardiña, S. and Padgham, L. (2011). A BDI Agent Programming Language with Failure Handling, Declarative Goals, and Planning. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 23(1):18–70.
Publicado
10/08/2021
Como Citar
CARDOSO, Rafael C.; FERRANDO, Angelo; PAPACCHINI, Fabio.
Automated Planning and BDI Agents: a Case Study. In: WORKSHOP-ESCOLA DE SISTEMAS DE AGENTES, SEUS AMBIENTES E APLICAÇÕES (WESAAC), 15. , 2021, Evento Online.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
p. 131-142.
ISSN 2326-5434.
