Redes Quânticas Sob Ataque: Black Hole Repeaters
Resumo
As redes quânticas oferecem uma segurança sem precedentes ao utilizarem protocolos baseados em entrelaçamento e repetidores quânticos confiáveis para viabilizar aplicações como distribuição de chaves quânticas e computação quântica distribuída. Contudo, à medida que essas redes evoluem, novas vulnerabilidades operacionais e de controle emergem, podendo ser exploradas por adversários. Entre essas vulnerabilidades, destacam-se ataques sutis ao processo de troca de entrelaçamento e a manipulação de métricas de desempenho, que representam desafios significativos para a integridade e a eficiência das redes. Este estudo explora uma classe relativamente pouco investigada de ameaças: os ataques Black Hole Repeater. Esses ataques envolvem nós maliciosos que deliberadamente introduzem erros ou falsificam métricas, comprometendo a taxa de sucesso das operações quânticas e gerando ineficiências no uso de recursos, ao mesmo tempo que permanecem indetectáveis por técnicas tradicionais de monitoramento, como a tomografia quântica. Por meio de simulações realizadas em diversas topologias de rede, demonstra-se o impacto potencial desses ataques em métricas-chave de desempenho, destacando a necessidade de soluções adaptativas de monitoramento e arquiteturas resilientes para aprimorar a segurança das redes quânticas.
Palavras-chave:
Rede Quântica, Ataques em Redes Quânticas, Ataque de Buraco Negro
Referências
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Azuma, K., Economou, S. E., Elkouss, D., Hilaire, P., Jiang, L., Lo, H.-K., and Tzitrin, I. (2023). Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet. Reviews of Modern Physics, 95(4):045006.
Chehimi, M. and Saad, W. (2022). Physics-informed quantum communication networks: A vision toward the quantum internet. IEEE Network, 36(5):32–38.
De Andrade, M. G., Diaz, J., Navas, J., Guha, S., Montaño, I., Smith, B., Raymer, M., and Towsley, D. (2022). Quantum network tomography with multi-party state distribution. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE), pages 400–409. IEEE.
Guedes de Andrade, M., Navas, J., Guha, S., Montaño, I., Raymer, M., Smith, B., and Towsley, D. (2024). Quantum network tomography. IEEE Network, 38(5):114–122.
Gyongyosi, L. and Imre, S. (2020). Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum internet. Quantum Information Processing, 19:1–28.
Harkness, A., Krawec, W. O., and Wang, B. (2024). Security of partially corrupted quantum repeater networks. Quantum Science and Technology, 10(1):015005.
Jain, N., Stiller, B., Khan, I., Elser, D., Marquardt, C., and Leuchs, G. (2016). Attacks on practical quantum key distribution systems (and how to prevent them). Contemporary Physics, 57(3):366–387.
Jiang, J.-L., Luo, M.-X., and Ma, S.-Y. (2024). Quantum network capacity of entangled quantum internet. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.
Mastriani, M. (2023). Simplified entanglement swapping protocol for the quantum internet. Scientific Reports, 13(1):21998.
Salimian, S., Tavassoly, M., and Ghasemi, M. (2023). Multistage entanglement swapping using superconducting qubits in the absence and presence of dissipative environment without bell state measurement. Scientific Reports, 13(1):16342.
Satoh, T., Nagayama, S., Oka, T., and Van Meter, R. (2018). The network impact of hijacking a quantum repeater. Quantum Science and Technology, 3(3):034008.
Satoh, T., Nagayama, S., Suzuki, S., Matsuo, T., Hajdušek, M., and Van Meter, R. (2021). Attacking the quantum internet. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 2:1–17.
Suzuki, S. and Van Meter, R. (2015). Classification of quantum repeater attacks. In Proc. NDSS Workshop on Security of Emerging Technologies.
Van Meter, R., Satoh, T., Ladd, T. D., Munro, W. J., and Nemoto, K. (2013). Path selection for quantum repeater networks. Networking Science, 3:82–95.
Wehner, S., Elkouss, D., and Hanson, R. (2018). Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead. Science, 362(6412):eaam9288.
Zangi, S. M., Shukla, C., Ur Rahman, A., and Zheng, B. (2023). Entanglement swapping and swapped entanglement. Entropy, 25(3):415.
Altepeter, J. B., Jeffrey, E. R., and Kwiat, P. G. (2005). Photonic state tomography. Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 52:105–159.
Azuma, K., Economou, S. E., Elkouss, D., Hilaire, P., Jiang, L., Lo, H.-K., and Tzitrin, I. (2023). Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet. Reviews of Modern Physics, 95(4):045006.
Chehimi, M. and Saad, W. (2022). Physics-informed quantum communication networks: A vision toward the quantum internet. IEEE Network, 36(5):32–38.
De Andrade, M. G., Diaz, J., Navas, J., Guha, S., Montaño, I., Smith, B., Raymer, M., and Towsley, D. (2022). Quantum network tomography with multi-party state distribution. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE), pages 400–409. IEEE.
Guedes de Andrade, M., Navas, J., Guha, S., Montaño, I., Raymer, M., Smith, B., and Towsley, D. (2024). Quantum network tomography. IEEE Network, 38(5):114–122.
Gyongyosi, L. and Imre, S. (2020). Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum internet. Quantum Information Processing, 19:1–28.
Harkness, A., Krawec, W. O., and Wang, B. (2024). Security of partially corrupted quantum repeater networks. Quantum Science and Technology, 10(1):015005.
Jain, N., Stiller, B., Khan, I., Elser, D., Marquardt, C., and Leuchs, G. (2016). Attacks on practical quantum key distribution systems (and how to prevent them). Contemporary Physics, 57(3):366–387.
Jiang, J.-L., Luo, M.-X., and Ma, S.-Y. (2024). Quantum network capacity of entangled quantum internet. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.
Mastriani, M. (2023). Simplified entanglement swapping protocol for the quantum internet. Scientific Reports, 13(1):21998.
Salimian, S., Tavassoly, M., and Ghasemi, M. (2023). Multistage entanglement swapping using superconducting qubits in the absence and presence of dissipative environment without bell state measurement. Scientific Reports, 13(1):16342.
Satoh, T., Nagayama, S., Oka, T., and Van Meter, R. (2018). The network impact of hijacking a quantum repeater. Quantum Science and Technology, 3(3):034008.
Satoh, T., Nagayama, S., Suzuki, S., Matsuo, T., Hajdušek, M., and Van Meter, R. (2021). Attacking the quantum internet. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 2:1–17.
Suzuki, S. and Van Meter, R. (2015). Classification of quantum repeater attacks. In Proc. NDSS Workshop on Security of Emerging Technologies.
Van Meter, R., Satoh, T., Ladd, T. D., Munro, W. J., and Nemoto, K. (2013). Path selection for quantum repeater networks. Networking Science, 3:82–95.
Wehner, S., Elkouss, D., and Hanson, R. (2018). Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead. Science, 362(6412):eaam9288.
Zangi, S. M., Shukla, C., Ur Rahman, A., and Zheng, B. (2023). Entanglement swapping and swapped entanglement. Entropy, 25(3):415.
Publicado
19/05/2025
Como Citar
SMITH, Artur; ABREU, Diego; PIMENTEL, Arthur; ABELÉM, Antônio.
Redes Quânticas Sob Ataque: Black Hole Repeaters. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES E SISTEMAS DISTRIBUÍDOS (SBRC), 43. , 2025, Natal/RN.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 266-279.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2025.5902.
