Evaluating countries's sovereignty from the point of view of the submarine cable network
Resumo
A infraestrutura de cabos submarinos é essencial para o sistema de telecomunicação, pois é responsável por mais de 90% do tráfego global da Internet. Em um mundo cada vez mais conectado, essa infraestrutura torna-se crítica, uma vez que falhas podem perturbar ou interromper o tráfego da rede e levar a perdas economicas e ameaçar a segurança nacional de um país. Intuitivamente, diferentes países desempenham papéis diferentes na infraestrutura global de cabos submarinos assim como a sua soberania no que diz respeito a falhas de rede (acidentais ou propositais). Este trabalho fornece um estudo detalhado da soberania dos países em termos do seu papel na rede de cabos submarinos (SCN) ao longo dos últimos 39 anos. Para este fim, a SCN é modelada e caracterizada como um hipergrafo de países que evolui no tempo, onde as hiperarestas representam os cabos. Para medir a soberania dos países, três métricas são descritas e avaliadas para diferentes países a fim de mostrar como o papel das nações na era da informação mudou ao longo do tempo.
Palavras-chave:
Submarine Cable Network, Network Sovereignty, Hypergraph
Referências
Aksoy, S. G., Joslyn, C., Ortiz Marrero, C., Praggastis, B., and Purvine, E. (2020). Hypernetwork science via high-order hypergraph walks. EPJ Data Science, 9(1), 16.
Azevedo, A., Scheid, E., Franco, M., Boeira, D., Zembruzki, L., and Granville, L. (2025). The role of network centralization in shaping digital sovereignty: An analysis under the DNS lens. International Journal of Network Management, 35(1), e2309.
Beaufils, J.-M. (2000). How do submarine networks web the world? Optical Fiber Technology, 6(1), 15–32.
Bischof, Z. S., Fontugne, R., and Bustamante, F. E. (2018). Untangling the world-wide mesh of undersea cables. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets '18), 78–84, New York, NY, USA.
Bueger, C. and Liebetrau, T. (2021). Protecting hidden infrastructure: The security politics of the global submarine data cable network. Contemporary Security Policy, 42(3), 391–413.
Chesnoy, J. (2015). Undersea fiber communication systems. Academic Press.
Costa, R. d. O. and Figueiredo, D. R. (2023). Caracterização temporal e modelagem matemática da rede de cabos submarinos. In Anais do XXII Workshop em Desempenho de Sistemas Computacionais e de Comunicação, 25–36. SBC.
Couture, S. and Toupin, S. (2019). What does the notion of “sovereignty” mean when referring to the digital? New Media & Society, 21(10), 2305–2322.
Ganesan, A. (2021). On some distributed scheduling algorithms for wireless networks with hypergraph interference models. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 67(5).
Ganesan, A. (2023). Structured hypergraphs in cellular mobile communication systems. In International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN), 188–196.
Ganesan, A. (2025). The structure of hypergraphs arising in cellular mobile communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 24(1), 150–164.
Ganz, A., Camellini, M., Hine, E., Novelli, C., Roberts, H., and Floridi, L. (2024). Submarine cables and the risks to digital sovereignty. Minds and Machines, 34(3), 31.
Globo, O. (2025). Guerra híbrida: Cabos submarinos se tornam alvo de tensão entre EUA, China, Rússia e OTAN em mundo hiperconectado. Accessed on: January 6, 2025.
Janardhanan, S., Samonaki, M., Heegaard, P. E., Kellerer, W., and Mas-Machuca, C. (2024). Network sovereignty: A novel metric and its application on network design. IEEE Transactions on Reliability.
Joslyn, C., Aksoy, S., Callahan, T., Hunter, L., Jefferson, B., Praggastis, B., Purvine, E., and Tripodi, I. (2020). Hypernetwork science: From multidimensional networks to computational topology. In International Conference on Complex Systems, 377–392.
Li, H., Yang, X., Li, H., and Yang, X. (2021). Sovereignty and network sovereignty. Co-governed Sovereignty Network: Legal Basis and Its Prototype & Applications with MIN Architecture, 1–28.
Malecki, E. J. and Wei, H. (2009). A wired world: The evolving geography of submarine cables and the shift to Asia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(2), 360–382.
Ministério das Comunicações, Brasil (2025). Norte Conectado. Accessed on: January 24, 2025.
Praggastis, B., Arendt, D., Joslyn, C., Purvine, E., Aksoy, S., and Monson, K. (2019). Hypernetx. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Rai, D. (2025). Safeguarding submarine cables: Strategic measures for India’s security and connectivity. In Minnich, J. M. (Ed.), The Indo-Pacific Mosaic: Comprehensive Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, chapter 24.
Sarkar, S. and Sivarajan, K. N. (1998). Hypergraph models for cellular mobile communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 47(2), 460–471.
Zeng, J., Stevens, T., and Chen, Y. (2017). China’s solution to global cyber governance: Unpacking the domestic discourse of “internet sovereignty.” Politics & Policy, 45(3), 432–464.
Azevedo, A., Scheid, E., Franco, M., Boeira, D., Zembruzki, L., and Granville, L. (2025). The role of network centralization in shaping digital sovereignty: An analysis under the DNS lens. International Journal of Network Management, 35(1), e2309.
Beaufils, J.-M. (2000). How do submarine networks web the world? Optical Fiber Technology, 6(1), 15–32.
Bischof, Z. S., Fontugne, R., and Bustamante, F. E. (2018). Untangling the world-wide mesh of undersea cables. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets '18), 78–84, New York, NY, USA.
Bueger, C. and Liebetrau, T. (2021). Protecting hidden infrastructure: The security politics of the global submarine data cable network. Contemporary Security Policy, 42(3), 391–413.
Chesnoy, J. (2015). Undersea fiber communication systems. Academic Press.
Costa, R. d. O. and Figueiredo, D. R. (2023). Caracterização temporal e modelagem matemática da rede de cabos submarinos. In Anais do XXII Workshop em Desempenho de Sistemas Computacionais e de Comunicação, 25–36. SBC.
Couture, S. and Toupin, S. (2019). What does the notion of “sovereignty” mean when referring to the digital? New Media & Society, 21(10), 2305–2322.
Ganesan, A. (2021). On some distributed scheduling algorithms for wireless networks with hypergraph interference models. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 67(5).
Ganesan, A. (2023). Structured hypergraphs in cellular mobile communication systems. In International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking (ICDCN), 188–196.
Ganesan, A. (2025). The structure of hypergraphs arising in cellular mobile communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 24(1), 150–164.
Ganz, A., Camellini, M., Hine, E., Novelli, C., Roberts, H., and Floridi, L. (2024). Submarine cables and the risks to digital sovereignty. Minds and Machines, 34(3), 31.
Globo, O. (2025). Guerra híbrida: Cabos submarinos se tornam alvo de tensão entre EUA, China, Rússia e OTAN em mundo hiperconectado. Accessed on: January 6, 2025.
Janardhanan, S., Samonaki, M., Heegaard, P. E., Kellerer, W., and Mas-Machuca, C. (2024). Network sovereignty: A novel metric and its application on network design. IEEE Transactions on Reliability.
Joslyn, C., Aksoy, S., Callahan, T., Hunter, L., Jefferson, B., Praggastis, B., Purvine, E., and Tripodi, I. (2020). Hypernetwork science: From multidimensional networks to computational topology. In International Conference on Complex Systems, 377–392.
Li, H., Yang, X., Li, H., and Yang, X. (2021). Sovereignty and network sovereignty. Co-governed Sovereignty Network: Legal Basis and Its Prototype & Applications with MIN Architecture, 1–28.
Malecki, E. J. and Wei, H. (2009). A wired world: The evolving geography of submarine cables and the shift to Asia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(2), 360–382.
Ministério das Comunicações, Brasil (2025). Norte Conectado. Accessed on: January 24, 2025.
Praggastis, B., Arendt, D., Joslyn, C., Purvine, E., Aksoy, S., and Monson, K. (2019). Hypernetx. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Rai, D. (2025). Safeguarding submarine cables: Strategic measures for India’s security and connectivity. In Minnich, J. M. (Ed.), The Indo-Pacific Mosaic: Comprehensive Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, chapter 24.
Sarkar, S. and Sivarajan, K. N. (1998). Hypergraph models for cellular mobile communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 47(2), 460–471.
Zeng, J., Stevens, T., and Chen, Y. (2017). China’s solution to global cyber governance: Unpacking the domestic discourse of “internet sovereignty.” Politics & Policy, 45(3), 432–464.
Publicado
19/05/2025
Como Citar
COSTA, Rafael de Oliveira; FIGUEIREDO, Daniel Ratton.
Evaluating countries's sovereignty from the point of view of the submarine cable network. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES E SISTEMAS DISTRIBUÍDOS (SBRC), 43. , 2025, Natal/RN.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2025
.
p. 924-937.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2025.6416.
