Uma avaliação empírica sobre o uso de WebAssembly para descarga de funções de realidade aumentada
Resumo
A crescente demanda por aplicações de realidade aumentada, culminou no desenvolvimento de algoritmos de alto desempenho, porém com alta demanda computacional. Dessa forma, é urgente a necessidade de se levar esse tipo de aplicação para os ambientes populares, especialmente os navegadores e dispositivos móveis. Este artigo avalia duas versões de uma aplicação de AR, a primeira executa os algoritmos dentro do navegador, já segunda faz a descarga deles para um servidor de borda. Ambas as soluções se baseiam em WebAssembly, o qual garante a compatibilidade entre os ambientes. Resultados mostram uma perspectiva otimista para o uso do WebAssembly como mecanismo de offloading. Contudo, ainda existem limitações a serem superadas.Referências
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Haas, A., Rossberg, A., Schuff, D. L., Titzer, B. L., Holman, M., Gohman, D., Wagner, L., Zakai, A., and Bastien, J. (2017). Bringing the web up to speed with webassembly. SIGPLAN Not., 52(6):185–200.
Hall, A. and Ramachandran, U. (2019). An execution model for serverless functions at the edge. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation, IoTDI ’19, page 225–236, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hoque, M. N. and Harras, K. A. (2022). Webassembly for edge computing: Potential and challenges. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 6(4):68–73.
Jangda, A., Powers, B., Berger, E. D., and Guha, A. (2019). Not so fast: Analyzing the performance of WebAssembly vs. native code. In 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 19), pages 107–120, Renton, WA. USENIX Association.
Jeong, H.-J., Jeong, I., and Moon, S.-M. (2020). Dynamic offloading of web application execution using snapshot. ACM Trans. Web, 14(4).
Jeong, H.-J., Shin, C. H., Shin, K. Y., Lee, H.-J., and Moon, S.-M. (2019). Seamless offloading of web app computations from mobile device to edge clouds via html5 web worker migration. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC ’19, page 38–49, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Liu, A.-C. and You, Y.-P. (2022). Offworker: An offloading framework for parallel web applications. In Chbeir, R., Huang, H., Silvestri, F., Manolopoulos, Y., and Zhang, Y., editors, Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2022, pages 170–185, Cham. Springer International Publishing.
Morín, D. G., Pérez, P., and Armada, A. G. (2022). Toward the distributed implementation of immersive augmented reality architectures on 5g networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 60(2):46–52.
Mur-Artal, R., Montiel, J. M. M., and Tardós, J. D. (2015). ORB-SLAM: a versatile and accurate monocular SLAM system. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 31(5):1147–1163.
Nurul-Hoque, M. and Harras, K. A. (2021). Nomad: Cross-platform computational offloading and migration in femtoclouds using webassembly. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), pages 168–178.
Reitmayr, G., Langlotz, T., Wagner, D., Mulloni, A., Schall, G., Schmalstieg, D., and Pan, Q. (2010). Simultaneous localization and mapping for augmented reality. In 2010 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Virtual Reality, pages 5–8.
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Selakovic, M. and Pradel, M. (2016). Performance issues and optimizations in javascript: an empirical study. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering, page 61–72, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Siriwardhana, Y., Porambage, P., Liyanage, M., and Ylianttila, M. (2021). A survey on mobile augmented reality with 5g mobile edge computing: Architectures, applications, and technical aspects. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 23(2):1160–1192.
Toczé, K., Lindqvist, J., and Nadjm-Tehrani, S. (2019). Performance study of mixed reality for edge computing. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, page 285–294, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Wen, E. and Weber, G. (2020). Wasmachine: Bring the edge up to speed with a webassembly os. In 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), pages 353–360.
Yan, Y., Tu, T., Zhao, L., Zhou, Y., and Wang, W. (2021). Understanding the performance of webassembly applications. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM Internet Measurement Conference, IMC ’21, page 533–549, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Bekele, M. K., Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Malinverni, E. S., and Gain, J. (2018). A survey of augmented, virtual, and mixed reality for cultural heritage. J. Comput. Cult. Herit., 11(2).
Cao, J., Lam, K.-Y., Lee, L.-H., Liu, X., Hui, P., and Su, X. (2023). Mobile augmented reality: User interfaces, frameworks, and intelligence. ACM Comput. Surv., 55(9).
Ferrera, M., Eudes, A., Moras, J., Sanfourche, M., and Le Besnerais, G. (2021). OV2SLAM : A fully online and versatile visual SLAM for real-time applications. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters.
Gadepalli, P. K., Peach, G., Cherkasova, L., Aitken, R., and Parmer, G. (2019). Challenges and opportunities for efficient serverless computing at the edge. In 2019 38th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS), pages 261–2615.
Gapeyenko, M., Petrov, V., Paris, S., Marcano, A., and Pedersen, K. I. (2023). Standardization of extended reality (xr) over 5g and 5g-advanced 3gpp new radio. IEEE Network, 37(4):22–28.
Haas, A., Rossberg, A., Schuff, D. L., Titzer, B. L., Holman, M., Gohman, D., Wagner, L., Zakai, A., and Bastien, J. (2017). Bringing the web up to speed with webassembly. SIGPLAN Not., 52(6):185–200.
Hall, A. and Ramachandran, U. (2019). An execution model for serverless functions at the edge. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation, IoTDI ’19, page 225–236, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Hoque, M. N. and Harras, K. A. (2022). Webassembly for edge computing: Potential and challenges. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 6(4):68–73.
Jangda, A., Powers, B., Berger, E. D., and Guha, A. (2019). Not so fast: Analyzing the performance of WebAssembly vs. native code. In 2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 19), pages 107–120, Renton, WA. USENIX Association.
Jeong, H.-J., Jeong, I., and Moon, S.-M. (2020). Dynamic offloading of web application execution using snapshot. ACM Trans. Web, 14(4).
Jeong, H.-J., Shin, C. H., Shin, K. Y., Lee, H.-J., and Moon, S.-M. (2019). Seamless offloading of web app computations from mobile device to edge clouds via html5 web worker migration. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC ’19, page 38–49, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Liu, A.-C. and You, Y.-P. (2022). Offworker: An offloading framework for parallel web applications. In Chbeir, R., Huang, H., Silvestri, F., Manolopoulos, Y., and Zhang, Y., editors, Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2022, pages 170–185, Cham. Springer International Publishing.
Morín, D. G., Pérez, P., and Armada, A. G. (2022). Toward the distributed implementation of immersive augmented reality architectures on 5g networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 60(2):46–52.
Mur-Artal, R., Montiel, J. M. M., and Tardós, J. D. (2015). ORB-SLAM: a versatile and accurate monocular SLAM system. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 31(5):1147–1163.
Nurul-Hoque, M. and Harras, K. A. (2021). Nomad: Cross-platform computational offloading and migration in femtoclouds using webassembly. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), pages 168–178.
Reitmayr, G., Langlotz, T., Wagner, D., Mulloni, A., Schall, G., Schmalstieg, D., and Pan, Q. (2010). Simultaneous localization and mapping for augmented reality. In 2010 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Virtual Reality, pages 5–8.
Ross, A. (2023). Alvaar. Disponível em [link].
Rossberg, A. (2024). WebAssmbly Specification. Technical report, WebAssembly Community Group.
Selakovic, M. and Pradel, M. (2016). Performance issues and optimizations in javascript: an empirical study. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering, page 61–72, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Siriwardhana, Y., Porambage, P., Liyanage, M., and Ylianttila, M. (2021). A survey on mobile augmented reality with 5g mobile edge computing: Architectures, applications, and technical aspects. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 23(2):1160–1192.
Toczé, K., Lindqvist, J., and Nadjm-Tehrani, S. (2019). Performance study of mixed reality for edge computing. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, page 285–294, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Wen, E. and Weber, G. (2020). Wasmachine: Bring the edge up to speed with a webassembly os. In 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), pages 353–360.
Yan, Y., Tu, T., Zhao, L., Zhou, Y., and Wang, W. (2021). Understanding the performance of webassembly applications. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM Internet Measurement Conference, IMC ’21, page 533–549, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
Publicado
20/05/2024
Como Citar
PIRES, Matheus; ESPINDOLA, Gabriel Nery; RODRIGUES, Karlla Chaves; CARDOSO, Kleber Vieira; VERDI, Fabio Luciano; SILVESTRE, Bruno; CORREA, Sand Luz.
Uma avaliação empírica sobre o uso de WebAssembly para descarga de funções de realidade aumentada. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES E SISTEMAS DISTRIBUÍDOS (SBRC), 42. , 2024, Niterói/RJ.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2024
.
p. 854-867.
ISSN 2177-9384.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2024.1484.
