Analyzing YouTube Videos Shared on WhatsApp and Telegram Political Public Groups
Resumo
As the use of smartphones in Brazil has advanced in recent years, instant messaging platforms such as WhatsApp and Telegram became part of Brazilians’ lives and communication. However, the use of these platforms is not limited to exchanging messages between two users but also serves as a platform for group discussions and content dissemination. This study focuses on YouTube videos shared by politically oriented public groups on WhatsApp and Telegram during the COVID -19 pandemic in Brazil. Specifically, we analyze the information disseminated by political groups about the pandemic and the main events that took place during the same period, highlighting the main differences between the platforms. Our investigation shows a relevant political bias in the content shared in public groups in Brazil, with predominantly right-oriented content in messaging apps. A significant overlap of popular videos between these platforms was also found. On YouTube, we found the main categories of videos and examined the narrative that these videos give us from the perspective of WhatsApp and Telegram users.
Palavras-chave:
YouTube, Videos, WhatsApp, Telegram, Politics, Groups
Referências
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Josemar Alves Caetano, Gabriel Magno, Marcos Gonçalves, Jussara Almeida, Humberto T. Marques-Neto, and Virgílio Almeida. 2019. Characterizing Attention Cascades in WhatsApp Groups. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (Boston, USA) (WebSci ’19). ACM, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326018
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Cláudia Pereira Galhardi, Neyson Pinheiro Freire, Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo,and Maria Clara Marques Fagundes. 2020. Fato ou Fake? Uma análise da desinformação frente à pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 25 (2020), 4201–4210. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.28922020
Kiran Garimella and Gareth Tyson. 2018. WhatApp Doc? A First Look at WhatsApp Public Group Data. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 12, 1 (Jun. 2018). Dataset Paper.
Aliaksandr Herasimenka, Jonathan Bright, Aleksi Knuutila, and Philip N. Howard. 2022. Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms: the case of telegram. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 0, 0 (2022),1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2076272
M Hoseini, P Melo, F Benevenuto, A Feldmann, and S Zannettou. 2021. On the Globalization of the QAnon Conspiracy Theory Through Telegram. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.13020 (2021). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.13020
Mohamad Hoseini, Philipe Melo, Manoel Junior, Fabrício Benevenuto, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Anja Feldmann, and Savvas Zannettou. 2020. Demystifying the Messaging Platforms’ Ecosystem Through the Lens of Twitter. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference (Virtual Event, USA) (IMC ’20). ACM, NY, USA, 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423651
R Tallal Javed, Muhammad Usama, Waleed Iqbal, Junaid Qadir, Gareth Tyson, Ignacio Castro, and Kiran Garimella. 2022. A deep dive into COVID-19-related messages on WhatsApp in Pakistan. Social Network Analysis and Mining 12, 1 (2022), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00833-0
Hamed Jelodar, Yongli Wang, Chi Yuan, Xia Feng, Xiahui Jiang, Yanchao Li, and Liang Zhao. 2019. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and topic modeling: models, applications, a survey. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 11 (2019), 15169–15211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6894-4
NF Johnson, R Leahy, N Johnson Restrepo, N Velasquez, M Zheng, P Manrique, P Devkota, and Stefan Wuchty. 2019. Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology. Nature 573, 7773 (2019), 261–265.
Manoel Júnior, Philipe Melo, Ana P. C. da Silva, Fabrício Benevenuto, and Jussara Almeida. 2021. Towards Understanding the Use of Telegram by Political Groups in Brazil. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia ’21). ACM, NY, USA, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1145/3470482.3479640
Manoel Júnior, Philipe Melo, Daniel Kansaon, Vitor Mafra, Kaio Sá, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2022. Telegram Monitor: Monitoring Brazilian Political Groups and Channels on Telegram. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT). https://doi.org/10.1145/3511095.3536375
João H. S. de Júnior, Michele Raasch, João C. Soares, and Letícia Virgínia H. A. S. Ribeiro. 2020. Da Desinformação ao Caos: uma análise das Fake News frente à pandemia do Coronavírus (COVID-19) no Brasil. Cadernos de Prospecção 13, 2 (abr. 2020), 331. https://doi.org/10.9771/cp.v13i2.35978
Jonas Kaiser, Adrian Rauchfleisch, and Yasodara Córdova. 2021. Comparative Approaches to Mis/Disinformation| Fighting Zika With Honey: An Analysis of YouTube’s Video Recommendations on Brazilian YouTube. International Journal of Communication 15 (2021), 19.
Ashkan Kazemi, Kiran Garimella, Gautam Shahi, Devin Gaffney, and Scott Hale. 2022. Research note: Tiplines to uncover misinformation on encrypted platforms: A case study of the 2019 Indian general election on WhatsApp. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (2022). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-91
Heidi Oi-Yee Li, Adrian Bailey, David Huynh, and James Chan. 2020. YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation? BMJ Global Health 5, 5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002604
Caio Machado, Beatriz Kira, Vidya Narayanan, Bence Kollanyi, and Philip Howard. 2019. A Study of Misinformation in WhatsApp Groups with a Focus on the Brazilian Presidential Elections.. In Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308560.3316738
Alexandre Maros, Jussara Almeida, Fabrício Benevenuto, and Marisa Vasconcelos. 2020. Analyzing the Use of Audio Messages in WhatsApp Groups. ACM, NY, USA, 3005–3011. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380070
Philipe Melo, Johnnatan Messias, Gustavo Resende, Kiran Garimella, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. WhatsApp Monitor: A Fact-Checking System for WhatsApp. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM ’19, Vol. 13). AAAI, 676–677.
Philipe Melo, Carolina Coimbra Vieira, Kiran Garimella, Pedro OS Vaz de Melo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Can WhatsApp Counter Misinformation by Limiting Message Forwarding?. In International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications (Lisbon, Portugal). Springer, Cham, 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36687-2_31
Andrés Moreno, Philip Garrison, and Karthik Bhat. 2017. Whatsapp for Monitoring and Response During Critical Events: Aggie in the Ghana 2016 Election. In Proc. of 14th Int’l Conf. on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM’17) (France).
Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2021. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Lynnette Hui Xian Ng and Jia Yuan Loke. 2021. Analyzing Public Opinion and Misinformation in a COVID-19 Telegram Group Chat. IEEE Internet Computing 25, 2 (2021), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2020.3040516
Fernando Paiva. 2022. Mensageria no Brasil – Fevereiro de 2022. Panorama – Mobile Time/Opinion Box. [link] fev. de 2022
Nico Prucha. 2016. Is and the Jihadist Information Highway – Projecting Influence and Religious Identity via Telegram. Perspectives on Terrorism 10, 6 (2016), 48–58. Terrorism Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.2307/26297705
Julio CS Reis, Philipe Melo, Kiran Garimella, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2020. Can WhatsApp benefit from debunked fact-checked stories to reduce misinformation? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (2020). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-035
Julio C. S. Reis, Philipe Melo, Kiran Garimella, Jussara M. Almeida, Dean Eckles, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2020. A Dataset of Fact-Checked Images Shared on WhatsApp During the Brazilian and Indian Elections. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 14, 1 (May 2020), 903–908.
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Julio C. S. Reis, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara M. Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Analyzing Textual (Mis)Information Shared in WhatsApp Groups. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (Boston, USA) (WebSci ’19). ACM, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326029
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Hugo Sousa, Johnnatan Messias, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. (Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). ACM, 818–828. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313688
Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Raphael Ottoni, Robert West, Virgílio A. F. Almeida, and Wagner Meira. 2020. Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube (FAT* ’20). ACM, NY, USA, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372879
Punyajoy Saha, Binny Mathew, Kiran Garimella, and Animesh Mukherjee. 2021. “Short is the Road That Leads from Fear to Hate”: Fear Speech in Indian WhatsApp Groups (WWW ’21). ACM, NY, USA, 1110–1121. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3450137
Ahmad Shehabat, Teodor Mitew, and Yahia Alzoubi. 2017. Encrypted jihad:Investigating the role of Telegram App in lone wolf attacks in the West. Journal of Strategic Security 10, 3 (2017), 27–53. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.10.3.1604
Veronika Solopova, Tatjana Scheffler, and Mihaela Popa-Wyatt. 2021. A Telegram corpus for hate speech, offensive language, and online harm. Journal of Open Humanities Data 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.32
Aleksandra Urman and Stefan Katz. 2022. What they do in the shadows: examining the far-right networks on Telegram. Information, Communication & Society 25, 7 (2022), 904–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1803946
Marisa Vasconcelos, Erica Pereira, Samuel Guimarães, Manoel Horta Ribeiro,Philipe Melo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2020. Analyzing YouTube Videos Shared on Whatsapp in the Early COVID-19 Crisis. In Anais do XXVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web (Evento Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 281–284. https://doi.org/10.1145/3428658.3431090
Carolina Vieira, Philipe Melo, Pedro OS V Melo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. O Paradoxo da Viralização de Informação Criptografada no WhatsApp. In Anais do XXXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (Gramado, Brasil) (SBRC’19). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 403–416. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2019.7375
Ahmet S Yayla and Anne Speckhard. 2017. Telegram: The mighty application that ISIS loves. Int. Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (2017).
ASCOM. 2021. Pesquisa mostra que 82,7% dos domicílios brasileiros têm acesso à internet. Ministério das Comunicações. gov.br – Governo Federal. [link]. 14 de abril de 2021
Jeremy Bowles, Horacio Larreguy, and Shelley Liu. 2020. Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe. PLOS ONE 15, 10 (10 2020), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240005
Victor S. Bursztyn and Larry Birnbaum. 2019. Thousands of Small, Constant Rallies: A Large-Scale Analysis of Partisan WhatsApp Groups. In 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM’19). 484–488. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341161.3342905
Josemar Alves Caetano, Gabriel Magno, Marcos Gonçalves, Jussara Almeida, Humberto T. Marques-Neto, and Virgílio Almeida. 2019. Characterizing Attention Cascades in WhatsApp Groups. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (Boston, USA) (WebSci ’19). ACM, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326018
DataSenado. 2019. Redes Sociais, Notícias Falsas e Privacidade de Dados na Internet. Instituto DataSenado. [link]. 10 de dezembro de 2019
Thainá de Barcelos, Luíza N. Muniz, Deborah M. Dantas, Dorival F. C. Junior, João R. Cavalcante, and Eduardo Faerstein. 2021. Análise de fake news veiculadas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (2021), e65. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.65
Cláudia Pereira Galhardi, Neyson Pinheiro Freire, Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo,and Maria Clara Marques Fagundes. 2020. Fato ou Fake? Uma análise da desinformação frente à pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 25 (2020), 4201–4210. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.28922020
Kiran Garimella and Gareth Tyson. 2018. WhatApp Doc? A First Look at WhatsApp Public Group Data. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 12, 1 (Jun. 2018). Dataset Paper.
Aliaksandr Herasimenka, Jonathan Bright, Aleksi Knuutila, and Philip N. Howard. 2022. Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms: the case of telegram. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 0, 0 (2022),1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2076272
M Hoseini, P Melo, F Benevenuto, A Feldmann, and S Zannettou. 2021. On the Globalization of the QAnon Conspiracy Theory Through Telegram. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.13020 (2021). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.13020
Mohamad Hoseini, Philipe Melo, Manoel Junior, Fabrício Benevenuto, Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran, Anja Feldmann, and Savvas Zannettou. 2020. Demystifying the Messaging Platforms’ Ecosystem Through the Lens of Twitter. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference (Virtual Event, USA) (IMC ’20). ACM, NY, USA, 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419394.3423651
R Tallal Javed, Muhammad Usama, Waleed Iqbal, Junaid Qadir, Gareth Tyson, Ignacio Castro, and Kiran Garimella. 2022. A deep dive into COVID-19-related messages on WhatsApp in Pakistan. Social Network Analysis and Mining 12, 1 (2022), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00833-0
Hamed Jelodar, Yongli Wang, Chi Yuan, Xia Feng, Xiahui Jiang, Yanchao Li, and Liang Zhao. 2019. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and topic modeling: models, applications, a survey. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, 11 (2019), 15169–15211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6894-4
NF Johnson, R Leahy, N Johnson Restrepo, N Velasquez, M Zheng, P Manrique, P Devkota, and Stefan Wuchty. 2019. Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology. Nature 573, 7773 (2019), 261–265.
Manoel Júnior, Philipe Melo, Ana P. C. da Silva, Fabrício Benevenuto, and Jussara Almeida. 2021. Towards Understanding the Use of Telegram by Political Groups in Brazil. In Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia ’21). ACM, NY, USA, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1145/3470482.3479640
Manoel Júnior, Philipe Melo, Daniel Kansaon, Vitor Mafra, Kaio Sá, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2022. Telegram Monitor: Monitoring Brazilian Political Groups and Channels on Telegram. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT). https://doi.org/10.1145/3511095.3536375
João H. S. de Júnior, Michele Raasch, João C. Soares, and Letícia Virgínia H. A. S. Ribeiro. 2020. Da Desinformação ao Caos: uma análise das Fake News frente à pandemia do Coronavírus (COVID-19) no Brasil. Cadernos de Prospecção 13, 2 (abr. 2020), 331. https://doi.org/10.9771/cp.v13i2.35978
Jonas Kaiser, Adrian Rauchfleisch, and Yasodara Córdova. 2021. Comparative Approaches to Mis/Disinformation| Fighting Zika With Honey: An Analysis of YouTube’s Video Recommendations on Brazilian YouTube. International Journal of Communication 15 (2021), 19.
Ashkan Kazemi, Kiran Garimella, Gautam Shahi, Devin Gaffney, and Scott Hale. 2022. Research note: Tiplines to uncover misinformation on encrypted platforms: A case study of the 2019 Indian general election on WhatsApp. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (2022). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-91
Heidi Oi-Yee Li, Adrian Bailey, David Huynh, and James Chan. 2020. YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation? BMJ Global Health 5, 5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002604
Caio Machado, Beatriz Kira, Vidya Narayanan, Bence Kollanyi, and Philip Howard. 2019. A Study of Misinformation in WhatsApp Groups with a Focus on the Brazilian Presidential Elections.. In Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, USA) (WWW ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308560.3316738
Alexandre Maros, Jussara Almeida, Fabrício Benevenuto, and Marisa Vasconcelos. 2020. Analyzing the Use of Audio Messages in WhatsApp Groups. ACM, NY, USA, 3005–3011. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380070
Philipe Melo, Johnnatan Messias, Gustavo Resende, Kiran Garimella, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. WhatsApp Monitor: A Fact-Checking System for WhatsApp. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM ’19, Vol. 13). AAAI, 676–677.
Philipe Melo, Carolina Coimbra Vieira, Kiran Garimella, Pedro OS Vaz de Melo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Can WhatsApp Counter Misinformation by Limiting Message Forwarding?. In International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications (Lisbon, Portugal). Springer, Cham, 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36687-2_31
Andrés Moreno, Philip Garrison, and Karthik Bhat. 2017. Whatsapp for Monitoring and Response During Critical Events: Aggie in the Ghana 2016 Election. In Proc. of 14th Int’l Conf. on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM’17) (France).
Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2021. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
Lynnette Hui Xian Ng and Jia Yuan Loke. 2021. Analyzing Public Opinion and Misinformation in a COVID-19 Telegram Group Chat. IEEE Internet Computing 25, 2 (2021), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2020.3040516
Fernando Paiva. 2022. Mensageria no Brasil – Fevereiro de 2022. Panorama – Mobile Time/Opinion Box. [link] fev. de 2022
Nico Prucha. 2016. Is and the Jihadist Information Highway – Projecting Influence and Religious Identity via Telegram. Perspectives on Terrorism 10, 6 (2016), 48–58. Terrorism Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.2307/26297705
Julio CS Reis, Philipe Melo, Kiran Garimella, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2020. Can WhatsApp benefit from debunked fact-checked stories to reduce misinformation? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (2020). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-035
Julio C. S. Reis, Philipe Melo, Kiran Garimella, Jussara M. Almeida, Dean Eckles, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2020. A Dataset of Fact-Checked Images Shared on WhatsApp During the Brazilian and Indian Elections. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 14, 1 (May 2020), 903–908.
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Julio C. S. Reis, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara M. Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. Analyzing Textual (Mis)Information Shared in WhatsApp Groups. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (Boston, USA) (WebSci ’19). ACM, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326029
Gustavo Resende, Philipe Melo, Hugo Sousa, Johnnatan Messias, Marisa Vasconcelos, Jussara Almeida, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. (Mis)Information Dissemination in WhatsApp: Gathering, Analyzing and Countermeasures. In The World Wide Web Conference (San Francisco, CA, USA) (WWW ’19). ACM, 818–828. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313688
Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Raphael Ottoni, Robert West, Virgílio A. F. Almeida, and Wagner Meira. 2020. Auditing Radicalization Pathways on YouTube (FAT* ’20). ACM, NY, USA, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372879
Punyajoy Saha, Binny Mathew, Kiran Garimella, and Animesh Mukherjee. 2021. “Short is the Road That Leads from Fear to Hate”: Fear Speech in Indian WhatsApp Groups (WWW ’21). ACM, NY, USA, 1110–1121. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3450137
Ahmad Shehabat, Teodor Mitew, and Yahia Alzoubi. 2017. Encrypted jihad:Investigating the role of Telegram App in lone wolf attacks in the West. Journal of Strategic Security 10, 3 (2017), 27–53. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.10.3.1604
Veronika Solopova, Tatjana Scheffler, and Mihaela Popa-Wyatt. 2021. A Telegram corpus for hate speech, offensive language, and online harm. Journal of Open Humanities Data 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.32
Aleksandra Urman and Stefan Katz. 2022. What they do in the shadows: examining the far-right networks on Telegram. Information, Communication & Society 25, 7 (2022), 904–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1803946
Marisa Vasconcelos, Erica Pereira, Samuel Guimarães, Manoel Horta Ribeiro,Philipe Melo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2020. Analyzing YouTube Videos Shared on Whatsapp in the Early COVID-19 Crisis. In Anais do XXVI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web (Evento Online). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 281–284. https://doi.org/10.1145/3428658.3431090
Carolina Vieira, Philipe Melo, Pedro OS V Melo, and Fabrício Benevenuto. 2019. O Paradoxo da Viralização de Informação Criptografada no WhatsApp. In Anais do XXXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (Gramado, Brasil) (SBRC’19). SBC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, 403–416. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbrc.2019.7375
Ahmet S Yayla and Anne Speckhard. 2017. Telegram: The mighty application that ISIS loves. Int. Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (2017).
Publicado
07/11/2022
Como Citar
PEREIRA, Érica Verônica; MELO, Philipe; JÚNIOR, Manoel; MAFRA, Vitor O.; REIS, Julio C. S.; BENEVENUTO, Fabrício.
Analyzing YouTube Videos Shared on WhatsApp and Telegram Political Public Groups. In: BRAZILIAN SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB (WEBMEDIA), 28. , 2022, Curitiba.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2022
.
p. 29-38.
