Games as Information Systems
Resumo
In this work, we formally build the construct of games as information systems. Starting from models and definitions that describe them, we present models that show game elements: components, players, environment, and their relations; as information systems elements. This paper also presents the analysis of five games and their elements based on that premise. As a ratification of our rationale, we present tools and visions shared by both fields. The presented premise and rationale could be easily linked to video games but, moreover, they are valid to all forms of games like tabletop games or sports.
Palavras-chave:
games, information systems, board game, video game, card game, game design
Referências
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Louis Victor Allis. 1994. Searching for Solutions in Games and Articial Intelligence. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rijksuniversiteit Limburg te Maastricht.
Marcos S. O. Almeida and Flávio S. Corrêa da Silva. 2013. A Systematic Review of Game Design Methods and Tools. In Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2013. Springer, Berlin, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41106-9_3
Renata Araujo, Marcelo Fornazin, and Mariano Pimentel. 2017. Uma Análise sobre a Produção de Conhecimento Científico nas Pesquisas Publicadas nos Primeiros 10 anos da iSys (2008-2017). iSys-Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação 10, 4(2017), 45–65.
Staffan Björk and Jussi Holopainen. 2006. Games and design patterns. In The game design reader. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 410–437.
Sebastian K. Boell and Dubravka Cecez-Kecmanovic. 2015. What is an Information System?. In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, USA, 4959–4968. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2015.587
Ian Bogost. 2010. Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kjell Brunnström, Sergio Ariel Beker, Katrien De Moor, Ann Dooms, Sebastien Egger, 2013. Qualinet White Paper on Definitions of Quality of Experience.
Mario Bunge. 1979. Treatise on Basic Philosophy - Ontology II: A World of Systems. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, Vol. 4. Springer, Netherlands.
Roger Caillois. 1961. Man, play, and games. University of Illinois Press, USA.
H.M. Chandler. 2009. Manual de Produção de Jogos Digitais. Bookman, Porto Alegre.
Tadeu Classe, Renata Araujo, and Geraldo Xexéo. 2018. De Processos de Negócio para Jogos Digitais: Uma Proposta de Mapeamento. In Anais do XIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil, 465–472.
Willian S. Davis and David C. Yen (Eds.). 1998. The Information System Consultant’s Handbook: Systems Analysis and Design (1st ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton.
R. P. De Lope and N. Medina-Medina. 2016. Using UML to Model Educational Games. In 2016 8th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES). IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/VS-GAMES.2016.7590373
Roberto Dillon. 2010. On the Way to Fun: an emotion-based approach to successful game design. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Eduardo H. Diniz, Maira Petrini, Alexandre F. Barbosa, Tania P. Christopoulos, and Heloísa M. dos Santos. 2006. Abordagens Epistemológicas em Pesquisas Qualitativas: Além do Positivismo nas Pesquisas na Área de Sistemas de Informação. In EnANPAD. Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD), Salvador, BA, Brasil, 16 pages.
Joris Dormans. 2011. Integrating Emergence and Progression. In DiGRA ’11 - Proceedings of the 2011 DiGRA International Conference: Think Design Play. DiGRA/Utrecht School of the Arts, Netherlands, 15 pages.
Joris Dormans 2012. Engineering emergence: applied theory for game design. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Nielsen Egenfeldt. 2009. Understanding video games: The essential introduction. Routledge, New York, NY, USA.
Gonzalo Frasca. 2003. The video game theory reader. Routledge, New York - NY, USA, Chapter Simulation versus narrative, 221–235.
Chris Gane and Trish Sarson. 1977. Structured Systems Analysis: Tools and Techniques. McDonnell Douglas Infomation, USA.
Hasbro. 2021. Monopoly Rules. Retrieved Jan 5, 2021 from https://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/monins.pdf
Rudy Hirschheim, Heinz K. Klein, and Kalle Lyytinen. 1995. Information systems development and data modeling: conceptual and philosophical foundations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Johan Huizinga. 1950. Homo ludens: a study of the play-element in culture. Beacon Press, Boston, MA, USA.
Robin Hunicke, Marc LeBlanc, and Robert Zubek. 2004. MDA: A formal approach to game design and game research. In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Challenges in Game AI, Vol. 4. AAAI Press, San Jose, CA, 1–5.
ISO/IEC. 2011. ISO/IEC 25010:2011 - Systems and software engineering – Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) – System and software quality models.
Aki Järvinen. 2008. Games without frontiers: Theories and methods for game studies and design. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Tampere, Finland.
Matt King. 2010. Procedural rhetorics-rhetoric’s procedures: Rhetorical peaks and what it means to win the game. Currents in Electronic Literacy Spring 2010, 13 Gaming Across the Curriculum (2010).
Raph Koster. 2013. Theory of fun for game design(2nd ed.). O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, California.
David M Kreps 1990. A course in microeconomic theory. Princeton University Press, USA.
Joshua Kritz, Eduardo Mangeli, and Geraldo Xexéo. 2017. Building an Ontology of Boardgame Mechanics based on the BoardGameGeek Database and the MDA Framework. In XVI Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, Curitiba. SBC, Curitiba, 182–191.
Gede Putra Kusuma, Evan Kristia Wigati, Yesun Utomo, and Louis Khrisna Putera Suryapranata. 2018. Analysis of Gamification Models in Education Using MDA Framework. Procedia Computer Science 135 (2018), 385–392.
Lake House Media, LLC. 2021. 75 Video Game Design Colleges for Aspiring game Developers: Learn, Create, and Earn Your Degree!https://www.gamedesigning.org/video-game-design-schools/. (Accessed on 05/02/2021).
Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon. 2017. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (15th ed.). Pearson, London.
LeBlanc M. 2004. Mechanics, Dynamics, Aesthetics: A Formal Approach to Game Design. Lecture at Northwestern University.
Gevã Martins, Welington Silva, Fernanda Campos, Victor Stroele, José Maria N. David, and Regina Braga. 2018. Construção de Jogos Educacionais através de Modelo de recursos. In Anais do XIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), Caxias do Sul, 16–22.
Mattel. 2021. UNO Rules. Retrieved Jan 5, 2021 from https://service.mattel.com/instruction_sheets/42001pr.pdf
Stephen M. McMenamin and John F. Palmer. 1984. Essential Systems Analysis. Yourdon Press, USA.
S. Moller, S. Schmidt, and J. Beyer. 2013. Gaming taxonomy: An overview of concepts and evaluation methods for computer gaming QoE. In 2013 Fifth International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). IEEE, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria, 236–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/QoMEX.2013.6603243
Alan Moon. 2004. Ticket to Ride. Days of Wonder. Retrieved Jan 31, 2021 from https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/9209/ticket-ride/credits
Ann Osborne O’Hagan, Gerry Coleman, and Rory V. O’Connor. 2014. Software Development Processes for Games: A Systematic Literature Review. In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer, Berlin, 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43896-1_16
Philip E Orbanes. 2007. Monopoly: The World’s Most Famous Game–and how it Got that Way. Da Capo Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Leandro Ouriques, Geraldo Xexéo, and Eduardo Mangeli. 2019. Analyzing Space Dimensions in Video Games. In Proceedings of the XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames 2019). SBC, Rio de Janeiro, Rj, Brazil, 36–45.
Guy Paré. 2004. Investigating Information Systems with Positivist Case Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 13, 1(2004), 233–264.
Roger S. Pressman and Bruce R. Maxim. 2015. Software engineering : a practitioner’s approach (8th ed.). MCGraw Hill, New York, NY, USA.
Eric Rasmusen. 1989. Games and information. Vol. 13. Basil Blackwell Oxford, Oxford.
Nicolas Ricketts. 2021. America’s Favorite Game and Success Story/ Uno! | The Strong. Retrieved Jan 5, 2021 from [link].
Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman. 2003. Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Jesse Schell. 2008. The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. CRC press, Boca Raton.
Claire Selltiz, Lawrence S Wrightsman, and Stuart Wellford Cook. 1976. Research methods in social relations. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Ian Sommerville. 2016. Software Engineering(10th ed.). Pearson, London, UK.
Bernard Suits. 2014. The Grasshopper - Third Edition: Games, Life and Utopia (3rd ed.). Broadview Press, Peterborough, Canada.
Stephen Tang, Martin Hanneghan, Tony Hughes, C Dennett, S Cooper, M Ariff Sabri, 2008. Towards a domain specific modelling language for serious game design. In 6th International Game Design and Technology Workshop. Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, 10 pages.
Klaus Teuber. 1995. Catan. Kosmos. Retrieved Jan 31, 2021 from https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/13/catan/credits
Hans Van der Heijden. 2004. User acceptance of hedonic information systems. MIS quarterly 28, 4 (2004), 695–704.
Juan A. Vargas, Lilia García-Mundo, Marcela Genero, and Mario Piattini. 2014. A systematic mapping study on serious game quality. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering - EASE '14. ACM Press, New York, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2601248.2601261
Spits Warnars. 2010. Game Information System. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 2, 3 (jun 2010), 135–148.
Jeffrey Whitten and Lonnie Bentley. 2007. System Analysis and Design Methods(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.
Robert K. Yin. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods(5th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc, CA, USA.
Edward Yourdon. 1988. Modern Structured Analysis(international edition ed.). Prentice Hall, USA.
Louis Victor Allis. 1994. Searching for Solutions in Games and Articial Intelligence. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rijksuniversiteit Limburg te Maastricht.
Marcos S. O. Almeida and Flávio S. Corrêa da Silva. 2013. A Systematic Review of Game Design Methods and Tools. In Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2013. Springer, Berlin, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41106-9_3
Renata Araujo, Marcelo Fornazin, and Mariano Pimentel. 2017. Uma Análise sobre a Produção de Conhecimento Científico nas Pesquisas Publicadas nos Primeiros 10 anos da iSys (2008-2017). iSys-Revista Brasileira de Sistemas de Informação 10, 4(2017), 45–65.
Staffan Björk and Jussi Holopainen. 2006. Games and design patterns. In The game design reader. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 410–437.
Sebastian K. Boell and Dubravka Cecez-Kecmanovic. 2015. What is an Information System?. In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, USA, 4959–4968. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2015.587
Ian Bogost. 2010. Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kjell Brunnström, Sergio Ariel Beker, Katrien De Moor, Ann Dooms, Sebastien Egger, 2013. Qualinet White Paper on Definitions of Quality of Experience.
Mario Bunge. 1979. Treatise on Basic Philosophy - Ontology II: A World of Systems. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, Vol. 4. Springer, Netherlands.
Roger Caillois. 1961. Man, play, and games. University of Illinois Press, USA.
H.M. Chandler. 2009. Manual de Produção de Jogos Digitais. Bookman, Porto Alegre.
Tadeu Classe, Renata Araujo, and Geraldo Xexéo. 2018. De Processos de Negócio para Jogos Digitais: Uma Proposta de Mapeamento. In Anais do XIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil, 465–472.
Willian S. Davis and David C. Yen (Eds.). 1998. The Information System Consultant’s Handbook: Systems Analysis and Design (1st ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton.
R. P. De Lope and N. Medina-Medina. 2016. Using UML to Model Educational Games. In 2016 8th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES). IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/VS-GAMES.2016.7590373
Roberto Dillon. 2010. On the Way to Fun: an emotion-based approach to successful game design. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Eduardo H. Diniz, Maira Petrini, Alexandre F. Barbosa, Tania P. Christopoulos, and Heloísa M. dos Santos. 2006. Abordagens Epistemológicas em Pesquisas Qualitativas: Além do Positivismo nas Pesquisas na Área de Sistemas de Informação. In EnANPAD. Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD), Salvador, BA, Brasil, 16 pages.
Joris Dormans. 2011. Integrating Emergence and Progression. In DiGRA ’11 - Proceedings of the 2011 DiGRA International Conference: Think Design Play. DiGRA/Utrecht School of the Arts, Netherlands, 15 pages.
Joris Dormans 2012. Engineering emergence: applied theory for game design. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Nielsen Egenfeldt. 2009. Understanding video games: The essential introduction. Routledge, New York, NY, USA.
Gonzalo Frasca. 2003. The video game theory reader. Routledge, New York - NY, USA, Chapter Simulation versus narrative, 221–235.
Chris Gane and Trish Sarson. 1977. Structured Systems Analysis: Tools and Techniques. McDonnell Douglas Infomation, USA.
Hasbro. 2021. Monopoly Rules. Retrieved Jan 5, 2021 from https://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/monins.pdf
Rudy Hirschheim, Heinz K. Klein, and Kalle Lyytinen. 1995. Information systems development and data modeling: conceptual and philosophical foundations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Johan Huizinga. 1950. Homo ludens: a study of the play-element in culture. Beacon Press, Boston, MA, USA.
Robin Hunicke, Marc LeBlanc, and Robert Zubek. 2004. MDA: A formal approach to game design and game research. In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Challenges in Game AI, Vol. 4. AAAI Press, San Jose, CA, 1–5.
ISO/IEC. 2011. ISO/IEC 25010:2011 - Systems and software engineering – Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) – System and software quality models.
Aki Järvinen. 2008. Games without frontiers: Theories and methods for game studies and design. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Tampere, Finland.
Matt King. 2010. Procedural rhetorics-rhetoric’s procedures: Rhetorical peaks and what it means to win the game. Currents in Electronic Literacy Spring 2010, 13 Gaming Across the Curriculum (2010).
Raph Koster. 2013. Theory of fun for game design(2nd ed.). O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, California.
David M Kreps 1990. A course in microeconomic theory. Princeton University Press, USA.
Joshua Kritz, Eduardo Mangeli, and Geraldo Xexéo. 2017. Building an Ontology of Boardgame Mechanics based on the BoardGameGeek Database and the MDA Framework. In XVI Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment, Curitiba. SBC, Curitiba, 182–191.
Gede Putra Kusuma, Evan Kristia Wigati, Yesun Utomo, and Louis Khrisna Putera Suryapranata. 2018. Analysis of Gamification Models in Education Using MDA Framework. Procedia Computer Science 135 (2018), 385–392.
Lake House Media, LLC. 2021. 75 Video Game Design Colleges for Aspiring game Developers: Learn, Create, and Earn Your Degree!https://www.gamedesigning.org/video-game-design-schools/. (Accessed on 05/02/2021).
Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon. 2017. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (15th ed.). Pearson, London.
LeBlanc M. 2004. Mechanics, Dynamics, Aesthetics: A Formal Approach to Game Design. Lecture at Northwestern University.
Gevã Martins, Welington Silva, Fernanda Campos, Victor Stroele, José Maria N. David, and Regina Braga. 2018. Construção de Jogos Educacionais através de Modelo de recursos. In Anais do XIV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), Caxias do Sul, 16–22.
Mattel. 2021. UNO Rules. Retrieved Jan 5, 2021 from https://service.mattel.com/instruction_sheets/42001pr.pdf
Stephen M. McMenamin and John F. Palmer. 1984. Essential Systems Analysis. Yourdon Press, USA.
S. Moller, S. Schmidt, and J. Beyer. 2013. Gaming taxonomy: An overview of concepts and evaluation methods for computer gaming QoE. In 2013 Fifth International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX). IEEE, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria, 236–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/QoMEX.2013.6603243
Alan Moon. 2004. Ticket to Ride. Days of Wonder. Retrieved Jan 31, 2021 from https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/9209/ticket-ride/credits
Ann Osborne O’Hagan, Gerry Coleman, and Rory V. O’Connor. 2014. Software Development Processes for Games: A Systematic Literature Review. In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer, Berlin, 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43896-1_16
Philip E Orbanes. 2007. Monopoly: The World’s Most Famous Game–and how it Got that Way. Da Capo Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Leandro Ouriques, Geraldo Xexéo, and Eduardo Mangeli. 2019. Analyzing Space Dimensions in Video Games. In Proceedings of the XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames 2019). SBC, Rio de Janeiro, Rj, Brazil, 36–45.
Guy Paré. 2004. Investigating Information Systems with Positivist Case Research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems 13, 1(2004), 233–264.
Roger S. Pressman and Bruce R. Maxim. 2015. Software engineering : a practitioner’s approach (8th ed.). MCGraw Hill, New York, NY, USA.
Eric Rasmusen. 1989. Games and information. Vol. 13. Basil Blackwell Oxford, Oxford.
Nicolas Ricketts. 2021. America’s Favorite Game and Success Story/ Uno! | The Strong. Retrieved Jan 5, 2021 from [link].
Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman. 2003. Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Jesse Schell. 2008. The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. CRC press, Boca Raton.
Claire Selltiz, Lawrence S Wrightsman, and Stuart Wellford Cook. 1976. Research methods in social relations. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Ian Sommerville. 2016. Software Engineering(10th ed.). Pearson, London, UK.
Bernard Suits. 2014. The Grasshopper - Third Edition: Games, Life and Utopia (3rd ed.). Broadview Press, Peterborough, Canada.
Stephen Tang, Martin Hanneghan, Tony Hughes, C Dennett, S Cooper, M Ariff Sabri, 2008. Towards a domain specific modelling language for serious game design. In 6th International Game Design and Technology Workshop. Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, 10 pages.
Klaus Teuber. 1995. Catan. Kosmos. Retrieved Jan 31, 2021 from https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/13/catan/credits
Hans Van der Heijden. 2004. User acceptance of hedonic information systems. MIS quarterly 28, 4 (2004), 695–704.
Juan A. Vargas, Lilia García-Mundo, Marcela Genero, and Mario Piattini. 2014. A systematic mapping study on serious game quality. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering - EASE '14. ACM Press, New York, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2601248.2601261
Spits Warnars. 2010. Game Information System. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 2, 3 (jun 2010), 135–148.
Jeffrey Whitten and Lonnie Bentley. 2007. System Analysis and Design Methods(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.
Robert K. Yin. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods(5th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc, CA, USA.
Edward Yourdon. 1988. Modern Structured Analysis(international edition ed.). Prentice Hall, USA.
Publicado
07/06/2021
Como Citar
XEXÉO, Geraldo; MANGELI, Eduardo; SILVA, Farmy; OURIQUES, Leandro; COSTA, Luis Felipe Coimbra; MONCLAR, Rafael Studart.
Games as Information Systems. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO (SBSI), 17. , 2021, Uberlândia.
Anais [...].
Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação,
2021
.
